Design and characterization of a chitosan-enriched fibrin hydrogel for human dental pulp regeneration

Abstract Objective Regenerating a functional dental pulp in the pulpectomized root canal has been recently proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy in dentistry. To reach this goal, designing an appropriate scaffold able to prevent the growth of residual endodontic bacteria, while supporting dental pulp tissue neoformation, is needed. Our aim was to create an innovative cellularized fibrin hydrogel supplemented with chitosan to confer this hydrogel antibacterial property. Methods Several fibrin–chitosan formulations were first screened by rheological analyses, and the most appropriate for clinical use was then studied in terms of microstructure (by scanning electron microscopy), antimicrobial effect (analysis of Enterococcus faecalis growth), dental pulp-mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (DP-MSC) viability and spreading after 7 days of culture (LiveDead ® test), DP-MSC ultrastructure and extracellular matrix deposition (transmission electron microscopy), and DP-MSC proliferation and collagen production (RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry). Results A formulation associating 10 mg/mL fibrinogen and 0.5% (w/w), 40% degree of acetylation, medium molar mass chitosan was found to be relevant in order to forming a fibrin–chitosan hydrogel at cytocompatible pH (# 7.2). Comparative analysis of fibrin-alone and fibrin–chitosan hydrogels revealed a potent antibacterial effect of the chitosan in the fibrin network, and similar DP-MSC viability, fibroblast-like morphology, proliferation rate and type I/III collagen production capacity. Significance These results indicate that incorporating chitosan within a fibrin hydrogel would be beneficial to promote human DP tissue neoformation thanks to chitosan antibacterial effect and the absence of significant detrimental effect of chitosan on dental pulp cell morphology, viability, proliferation and collagenous matrix production.