Apical membrane antigen 1 is a cross-reactive antigen between Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii, and the anti-NcAMA1 antibody inhibits host cell invasion by both parasites.

The cross-reactive antigens of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii are important in the exploration to determine the common mechanisms of parasite–host interaction. In this study, a gene encoding N. caninum apical membrane antigen 1 (NcAMA1) was identified by immunoscreening of a N. caninum tachyzoite cDNA expression library with antisera from mice immunized with recombinant T. gondii apical membrane antigen 1 (TgAMA1). NcAMA1 was encoded by an open reading frame of 1695 bp, which encoded a protein of 564 amino acids. The single-copy NcAMA1 gene was interrupted by seven introns. NcAMA1 showed 73.6% amino acid identity to TgAMA1. Mouse polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant NcAMA1 (rNcAMA1) recognized a 69-kDa native parasite protein by Western blotting. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that NcAMA1 was localized to the apical end of tachyzoites. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and Western blotting indicated that an approximately 57-kDa cleavage product was released into the excretory/secretory products of N. caninum. Preincubation of free tachyzoites with anti-rNcAMA1 IgG antibodies inhibited the invasion into host cells by N. caninum and T. gondii. These results indicated that AMA1 is a cross-reactive antigen between N. caninum and T. gondii and a potential common vaccine candidate to control two parasites.