Chx10 is required to block photoreceptor differentiation but is dispensable for progenitor proliferation in the postnatal retina

In the Chx10-null ocular retardation (or J ) mouse, retinal progenitor cell (RPC) proliferation is impaired, and bipolar neurons, a late born cell type, fail to differentiate. It is unclear whether Chx10 is required to maintain proliferation throughout retinogenesis or whether the bipolar cell defect is an indirect effect of growth arrest. We show that Chx10 is dispensable for late-stage RPC proliferation but is essential to promote bipolar cell genesis in place of rods. EctopicChx10 expression drove bipolar instead of rod cell differentiation without affecting division. Converting Chx10 to an activator impaired bipolar cell differentiation, implying that repression is important for Chx10 activity. In the Chx10 null orJ retina, only a small fraction of cells expressing mutated Chx10 mRNA were rods, but this fraction increased after p27 Kip1 inacti- vation, which partially rescues proliferation. Most significantly, acute Chx10 knockdown in the postnatal retina promoted rods in place of bipolar neurons without affecting division. Thus, Chx10 directly controls bipolar cell genesis by inhibiting rod differentia- tion independent of its temporally limited early effect on RPC proliferation. CVC domain homeobox homeodomain short-hairpin RNA