Searle en het mysterie van opwaartse veroorzaking

Searle claims that consciousness is an emergent property that is not just realized in but also caused by brain activity. However: 1) The spatiotemporal situation of causes relative to their effects is different from the relative spatiotemporal situation of the relata of emergence; 2) Causal asymmetry and asymmetry of emergence differ fundamentally; 3) Causal relations are subservient to physical mechanisms, while emergence relations are not. Without at least some of the assumptions about causality that motivate these objections, no intelligible or non-empty account of causality is possible. Therefore, Searle's claim is either false or empty.