CTCF and transcription influence chromatin structure re-configuration after mitosis

During mitosis, transcription is globally attenuated and chromatin architecture is dramatically reconfigured. Here we exploited the M- to G1-phase progression to interrogate the contributions of the architectural factor CTCF and the process of transcription to re-sculpting the genome in newborn nuclei. Depletion of CTCF specifically during the M- to G1-phase transition altered the re-establishment of local short-range compartmentalization after mitosis. Chromatin domain boundary reformation was impaired upon CTCF loss, but a subset (~27%) of boundaries, characterized by transitions in chromatin states, was established normally. Without CTCF, structural loops failed to form, leading to illegitimate contacts between cis-regulatory elements (CREs). Transient CRE contacts that are normally resolved after telophase persisted deeply into G1-phase in CTCF depleted cells. CTCF loss-associated gains in transcription were often linked to increased, normally illegitimate enhancer-promoter contacts. In contrast, at genes whose expression declined upon CTCF loss, CTCF seems to function as a conventional transcription activator, independent of its architectural role. CTCF-anchored structural loops facilitated formation CRE loops nested within them, especially those involving weak CREs. Transcription inhibition did not elicit global architectural changes and left transcription start site-associated boundaries intact. However, ongoing transcription contributed considerably to the formation of gene domains, regions of enriched contacts spanning the length of gene bodies. Notably, gene domains formed rapidly in ana/telophase prior to the completion of the first round of transcription, suggesting that epigenetic features in gene bodies contribute to genome reconfiguration prior to transcription. The focus on the de novo formation of nuclear architecture during G1 entry yielded novel insights into how CTCF and transcription contribute to the dynamic re-configuration of chromatin architecture during the mitosis to G1 phase progression.