The Golgi apparatus is a functionally distinct Ca2+ store regulated by the PKA and Epac branches of the β1-adrenergic signaling pathway

Ca 2+ release from the Golgi apparatus regulates key functions of the organelle, including vesicle trafficking. We found that the Golgi apparatus was the source of prolonged Ca 2+ release events that originated near the nuclei of primary cardiomyocytes. Golgi Ca 2+ release was unaffected by depletion of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ , and disruption of the Golgi apparatus abolished Golgi Ca 2+ release without affecting sarcoplasmic reticulum function, suggesting functional and spatial independence of Golgi and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ stores. β 1 -Adrenoceptor stimulation triggers the production of the second messenger cAMP, which activates the Epac family of Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factors and the kinase PKA (protein kinase A). Phosphodiesterases (PDEs), including those in the PDE3 and PDE4 families, degrade cAMP. Activation of β 1 -adrenoceptors stimulated Golgi Ca 2+ release, an effect that required activation of Epac, PKA, and the kinase CaMKII. Inhibition of PDE3s or PDE4s potentiated β 1 -adrenergic–induced Golgi Ca 2+ release, which is consistent with compartmentalization of cAMP signaling near the Golgi apparatus. Interventions that stimulated Golgi Ca 2+ release appeared to increase the trafficking of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor–1 (VEGFR-1) from the Golgi apparatus to the surface membrane of cardiomyocytes. In cardiomyocytes from rats with heart failure, decreases in the abundance of PDE3s and PDE4s were associated with increased Golgi Ca 2+ release events. These data suggest that the Golgi apparatus is a focal point for β 1 -adrenergic–stimulated Ca 2+ signaling and that the Golgi Ca 2+ store functions independently from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the global Ca 2+ transients that trigger contraction in cardiomyocytes.