Mesenchymal stem cells suppress leukemia via macrophage-mediated functional restoration of bone marrow microenvironment

Abstract Bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are critical components of the BM microenvironment and play an essential role in supporting hematopoiesis. Dysfunction of MSCs is associated with the impaired BM microenvironment that promotes leukemia development. However, whether and how restoration of the impaired BM microenvironment can inhibit leukemia development remain unknown. Using an established leukemia model and the RNA-seq analysis, we discovered functional degeneration of MSCs during leukemia progression. Importantly, intra-BM instead of systemic transfusion of donor healthy MSCs restored the BM microenvironment, thus systemically altering cytokine expression patterns, improving normal hematopoiesis, reducing tumor burden, and ultimately prolonging survival of the leukemia-bearing mice. Donor MSC treatment restored the function of host MSCs and reprogrammed host macrophages to fulfill tissue-repair function. Transfusion of MSC-reprogrammed macrophages largely recapitulated the therapeutic effects of MSCs. Further, we found that donor MSCs reprogrammed macrophages to reduce leukemia burden through autocrine of IL-6. Taken together, our study reveals that donor MSCs reprogram host macrophages to restore the BM microenvironment and inhibit leukemia development, thus offering rationales for local MSC administration as a potentially effective therapy for leukemia. Key Points Key Point 1: Intra-BM transfusion of MSCs restores the BM microenvironment, improves thrombopoiesis, and suppresses MDS/MPN initiated by Nras mutation. Key Point 2: Donor MSCs reprogram macrophages to restore the BM microenvironment, improve thrombopoiesis, and suppress leukemia.