Synthesis and optical spectroscopy of thick-shell semiconductor nanoparticles : applications to biological imaging

Colloidal Quantum Dots (QDs) are colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals with unique optical properties: narrow emission spectrum, large spectral range of excitation, high brightness. However, their applications are still limited by the blinking of their fluorescence emission at the single particle scale.This work focuses on the improvement of optical properties of CdSe/CdS QDs, as well as on the biological applications.The development of a synthesis of thick-shell CdSe/CdS nanocristals allowed easy obtaining of non-blinking QDs from CdSe cores of different crystallinity. However, these QDs flicker between an on and a grey state.The synthesis of thick-shell CdSe/CdS QDs with a composition gradient between the core and the shell produces nanocrystals whose fluorescence emission is perfectly stable with time. The quantum yields of the mono- and biexciton are 100% in air, at room temperature. Multiexcitonic recombinations are also efficient making a single QD emit white light under strong excitation.The growth of a gold nanoshell around a QD (golden-QDs) allows the coupling of the exciton of the semiconductor and the metal plasmons. This Purcell effect speeds up all the radiative processes, decreasing the lifetime and eliminating the blinking. Besides, the gold shell acts as a barrier against photooxidation and the golden-QDs show increased resistance to high excitation powers.The control of the shape of nanocrystals allowed the synthesis of nanoplatelets, bidimensionnal structures whose thickness is controlled to the atomic monolayer. A new synthesis of core/shell nanoplatelets leads to interesting properties due to the purity of the emission of the nanocrystals and to their resistance with temperature.Finally, Cdse/CdS QDs, because of the low photobleaching and high brightness, are excellent fluorescent probes for biological imaging. Their fluorescence and their inorganic structure were taken advantage of to perform bimodal optical/electron imaging to precisely localize and count synaptic receptors in C. elegans.Monofunctionalization of QDs, required to probe some endocytosis pathways in cells, was performed thanks to encapsulation of QDs in a DNA nanocage whose formation is perfectly controlled. This DNA cage – QD complex was used to study the dynamics of endocytosis of Shiga toxin in the retrograde endocytosis pathway, up to the Golgi apparatus.