From neuron to muscle to movement: a complete biomechanical model of Hydra contractile behaviors

How does neural activity drive muscles to produce behavior? The recent development of genetic lines in Hydra that allow complete calcium imaging of both neuronal and muscle activity, as well as systematic machine learning quantification of behaviors, makes this small Cnidarian an ideal model system to understand and model the complete transformation from neural firing to body movements. As a first step to achieve this, we have built a biomechanical model of Hydra, incorporating its neuronal activity, muscle activity and body column biomechanics, incorporating its fluid-filled hydrostatic skeleton. Our model is based on experimental measurements of neuronal and muscle activity, and assumes gap junctional coupling among muscle cells and calcium-dependent force generation y muscles. With these assumptions, we can robustly reproduce a basic set of Hydra9s behaviors. We can further explain puzzling experimental observations, including the dual kinetics observed in muscle activation and the different engagement of ecto- and endodermal muscle in different behaviors. This work delineates the spatiotemporal control space of Hydra movement and can serve as a template for future efforts to systematically decipher the transformations in the neural basis of behavior.