Towards understanding the global and regional climatic impacts of Modoki magnitude

Abstract Earlier studies suggest that the frequency and the strength of ENSO Modoki events increased considerably since last few decades (1970–2010) resulting in a need to revisit the climatic impacts of varying magnitude of ENSO Modoki. Hence, to better understand the impact of ENSO Modoki amplitude over the tropical and extra-tropical regions, especially in the Pacific, Asian and African regions, we conducted ENSO Modoki sensitivity experiments using ICTP-AGCM (SPEEDY). One of the main interests of this study is to see how ICTP-AGCM can reproduce teleconnections induced by ENSO Modoki events and how sensitive is the global and regional climate to ENSO Modoki strength. SPEEDY model qualitatively reproduces the impact of ENSO Modoki over the Pacific, Atlantic, North and South America and African regions very well. However, it underestimates ENSO Modoki-induced teleconnection patterns and associated changes in South Asia, particularly in the Indian region. This study suggests a nonlinear climatic response to increased magnitude of ENSO Modoki. Our results reveal that like conventional ENSO, ENSO Modoki also induces considerable impact over North Pacific (Atlantic) region and initiates strong PNA (NAO) like response. ENSO Modoki-induced negative/positive NAO-like response and associated changes in Southern Europe and North Africa region get significantly strong following increased intensity of El Nino/La Nina Modoki in the boreal winter. We further find that ENSO Modoki magnitude significantly impacts tropical and high latitude circulation cells. The positive phase of ENSO (El Nino) overall strengthens Hadley Cell and a reverse is true for La Nina phase. ENSO Modoki-induced strengthening and weakening of Hadley Cell induce significant impact over South Asian and African ITCZ convective regions through modification of ITCZ/monsoon circulation system.