Effects of sodium sulfate as electrolyte additive on electrochemical performance of lead electrode

Sodium sulfate as an electrolyte additive was studied via electrochemical methods including linear sweep voltammetry(LSV), cyclic voltammetry(CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) to deeply understand its effect on the hydrogen evolution current and overpotential as well as the formation and structure of anodic passivation films on lead surface during the redox processes. The results achieved will be valuable to improve the cycle life and maintenance-free properties of lead-acid batteries.