Boronic ester-linked macrocyclic lipopeptides as serine protease inhibitors targeting Escherichia coli type I signal peptidase

Abstract Type I signal peptidase, with its vital role in bacterial viability, is a promising but underexploited antibacterial drug target. In the light of steadily increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance, we have developed novel macrocyclic lipopeptides, linking P2 and P1′ by a boronic ester warhead, capable of inhibiting Escherichia coli type I signal peptidase ( Ec LepB) and exhibiting good antibacterial activity. Structural modifications of the macrocyclic ring, the peptide sequence and the lipophilic tail led us to 14 novel macrocyclic boronic esters. It could be shown that macrocyclization is well tolerated in terms of Ec LepB inhibition and antibacterial activity. Among the synthesized macrocycles, potent enzyme inhibitors in the low nanomolar range (e.g. compound 42f , Ec LepB IC 50  = 29 nM) were identified also showing good antimicrobial activity (e.g. compound 42b , E. coli WT MIC = 16 μg/mL). The unique macrocyclic boronic esters described here were based on previously published linear lipopeptidic Ec LepB inhibitors in an attempt to address cytotoxicity and hemolysis. We show herein that structural changes to the macrocyclic ring influence both the cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity suggesting that the P2 to P1' linker provide means for optimizing off-target effects. However, for the present set of compounds we were not able to separate the antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effect.