Retraction Note to: Osteoblastic differentiation of stem cells induced by graphene oxide-hydroxyapatite-alginate hydrogel composites and construction of tissue-engineered bone.
2020
This study aimed to investigate the effect of graphene oxide
(GO)-hydroxyapatite (HA)-sodium alginate (SA) composite application in the field of bone
tissue engineering. Four scaffold groups were established (SA-HA, SA-HA-0.8%GO, SA-HA-1.0%GO
and SA-HA-1.2%GO) and mixed with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Hydrogel
viscosity was measured at room temperature, and after freeze-drying and Fourier-transform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to detect substance crystallinity,
the printability of each hydrogel type was measured with a printing grid. Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the internal microstructure of the scaffolds and to
evaluate the growth and proliferation of cells on the scaffold. A hollow cylinder was
printed to compare the forming effect of the hydrogel bioinks, and cell-hydrogel composites
were implanted under the skin of nude mice to observe the effect of the hydrogels on
osteogenesis in vivo. Increased GO concentrations led to reduced scaffold degradation rates,
increased viscosity, increased printability, increased mechanical properties, increased
scaffold porosity and increased cell proliferation rates. In vivo experiments showed that
hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase staining
and collagen type I immunohistochemical staining increased as the implantation time
increased. These results demonstrate that GO composites have high printability as bioinks
and can be used for bioprinting of bone by altering the ratio of the different
components.
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