Advances in detection of genetically engineered crops by multiplex polymerase chain reaction methods.

In the past, several multiplex PCR (mPCR) methods have been developed and validated for precise and accurate monitoring, tracing and regulation of genetically Engineered (GE) food, feed and seed. However, a complete and updated review of mPCR is still lacking. Recently, mPCR methods have been coupled with different qualitative and/or quantitative methods, such as real-time PCR, micro-array, multiplex ligase chain reaction, biosensors, and microfluidic device to raise the detection limit of accuracy, sensitivity and reproducibility. In this paper, we provide thorough information and discussion of mPCR methods including their development, application and challenges for GE crops analysis.