Health-related quality of life among children, adolescents, and adults with bladder exstrophy–epispadias complex: a systematic review of the literature and recommendations for future research

Purpose Bladder exstrophy–epispadias complex (BEEC) is a rare spectrum of genitourinary malformations. Children risk long-term urinary and genital dysfunctions. To achieve a comprehensive understanding, this study aimed to review the literature on generic and disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in BEEC patients, and methodologies used.