Alterations of heme metabolism in lymphocytes and metal content in blood plasma as markers of diesel fuels effects on human organism

Abstract Workers in the diesel fuel distribution trade are intensively exposed to fuel vapours. Diesel fuel presents the main source of air pollution by benzene at a marine diesel fuel terminal. Levels of benzene are used to evaluate the external exposure to diesel fuel. Since benzene causes alterations in porphyrin metabolism, and some of these may lead to the generation of tumours, heme synthesis is proposed as a biomarker of early health effects of diesel fuel. A group of 20 workers exposed to diesel fuel and a group of 20 unexposed persons were examined and interviewed using structured questionnaires. The levels of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and protoporphyrin (PP), activities of ALA synthase and ferrochelatase, as well as levels of PP associated with DNA were determined in lymphocytes spectrophotometrically. Amounts of the metals Cd, Mn, Zn, Cu and Ca were measured in blood plasma by flame atomic absorption spectrometry method. Both ALA and PP levels were significantly increased in marine terminal workers: 3.0±0.4 vs. 0.8±0.2 nmol/10 6 lymphocytes; and 511±164 vs. 389±77 pmol/10 6 lymphocytes in exposed and control individuals, respectively. ALA-synthase activity was 2.5 fold higher in lymphocytes of workers exposed to diesel fuels ( P P =0.05). Among all investigated metals in blood plasma of exposed workers only zinc levels were statistically significantly increased ( P