Theoretical and phenomenological aspects of non-singular black holes

The issue of singularities in General Relativity dates back to the very first solution to the equations of the theory, namely Schwarzschild's 1915 black hole. Whether they be of coordinate or curvature nature, these singularities have long puzzled physicists, who managed to better characterize them in the late 60's. This led to the famous singularity theorems applying both to cosmology and black holes, and which assume a classical behaviour of the matter content of spacetime summarized in the so-called energy conditions. The violation of these conditions by quantum phenomena supports the idea that singularities are to be seen as a limitation of General Relativity, and would be cured in a more general theory of quantum gravity. In this thesis, pending for such a theory, we aim at investigating black hole spacetimes deprived of any singularity as well as their observational consequences. To that purpose, we consider both modifications of General Relativity and the coupling of Einstein's theory to exotic matter contents. In the first case, we show that one can recover the static spherically symmetric non-singular black holes of Bardeen and Hayward in principle in mimetic gravity, and implicitly by a deformation of General Relativity's hamiltonian constraint in an approach based on loop quantum gravity techniques. In the second case, we stay inside the framework of General Relativity and consider effective energy-momentum tensors associated with a fully regular rotating Hayward metric and with a dynamical spacetime describing the formation and evaporation of a non-singular black hole. For the latter, we show that all models based on the collapse of ingoing null shells and willing to describe Hawking’s evaporation are doomed to violate the energy conditions in a non-compact region of spacetime. Lastly, the theoretical study of the rotating Hayward metric comes with numerical simulations of such an object at the center of the Milky Way, using the ray-tracing code Gyoto and mimicking the known properties of the accretion structure of Sgr A*. These simulations allow exhibiting the two very different regimes of the metric, with or without horizon, and emphasize the difficulty of asserting the presence of a horizon from strong-field images as the ones provided by the Event Horizon Telescope.