Correction of Atmospheric Refraction Geolocation Error for High Resolution Optical Satellite Pushbroom Images

Abstract When an optical remote sensing satellite is imaging the Earth in-orbit, the propagation direction of the Line of Sight ( los ) will be changed because of atmospheric refraction. This will result in a geolocation deviation on the collinear rigorous geometric model for direct georeferencing, pushbroom images. To estimate and correct the atmospheric refraction geolocation error, the los vector tracking algorithm is introduced and a weighted mean algorithm is used to simplify the iso standard atmospheric model into a troposphere and stratosphere, i.e., two layers spherical atmosphere. The simulation result shows the atmospheric refraction will introduce about 2 m and 7.5 m geometric displacement when the spacecraft is off-pointed view at 30 and 45 degree angle, respectively. For a state-of-the-art high resolution satellite, the atmospheric refraction displacement shall be corrected. The method has been practiced in the DMC3/TripleSat Constellation to remove the atmospheric refraction geolocation error without ground control points.