Reduced Hepatic Synthesis of Calcidiol in Uremia

Calcidiol insufficiency is highly prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the reasons for this are incompletely understood. CKD associates with a decrease in liver cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, and specific CYP450 isoforms mediate vitamin D3 C-25-hydroxylation, which forms calcidiol. Abnormal levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which also modulates liver CYP450, could also contribute to the decrease in liver CYP450 associated with CKD. Here, we evaluated the effects of PTH and uremia on liver CYP450 isoforms involved in calcidiol synthesis in rats. Uremic rats had 52% lower concentrations of serum calcidiol than control rats (P < 0.002). Compared with controls, uremic rats produced 71% less calcidiol and 48% less calcitriol after the administration of vitamin D3 or 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3, respectively, suggesting impaired C-25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3. Furthermore, uremia associated with a reduction of liver CYP2C11, 2J3, 3A2, and 27A1. Parathyroidectomy prevented the uremia-associated decreases in calcidiol and liver CYP450 isoforms. In conclusion, these data suggest that uremia decreases calcidiol synthesis secondary to a PTH-mediated reduction in liver CYP450 isoforms.