Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal synthetic lethality of RNASEH2 deficiency and ATR inhibition

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated and RAD3 related (ATR) protein kinase plays critical roles in ensuring DNA replication, DNA repair, and cell cycle control in response to replication stress, making ATR inhibition a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. To identify genes whose loss makes tumor cells hypersensitive to ATR inhibition, we performed CRISPR/Cas9-based whole-genome screens in 3 independent cell lines treated with a highly selective ATR inhibitor, AZD6738. These screens uncovered a comprehensive genome-wide profile of ATR inhibitor sensitivity. From the candidate genes, we demonstrated that RNASEH2 deficiency is synthetic lethal with ATR inhibition both in vitro and in vivo. RNASEH2-deficient cells exhibited elevated levels of DNA damage and, when treated with AZD6738, underwent apoptosis (short-time treated) or senescence (long-time treated). Notably, RNASEH2 deficiency is frequently found in prostate adenocarcinoma; we found decreased RNASEH2B protein levels in prostate adenocarcinoma patient-derived xenograft (PDX) samples. Our findings suggest that ATR inhibition may be beneficial for cancer patients with reduced levels of RNASEH2 and that RNASEH2 merits further exploration as a potential biomarker for ATR inhibitor-based therapy.