Evolution of tungsten-oxide whiskers synthesized by a rapid thermal-annealing treatment

Tungsten oxide whiskers were prepared on a tungsten thin film by oxidation with H2O and a subsequent annealing treatment at a temperature of over 900 °C in a vacuum. The tungsten oxide formed by oxidation was transformed into smooth, straight whiskers with a monoclinic-crystalline structure after the vacuum annealing treatment. The whiskers showed an oxygen-deficient stoichiometry and a crystalline structure consistent with W18O49, which was dependent on the annealing temperature and vacuum used. The competition between the whisker growth and the dissociation of W oxide has a significant effect on the crystal shape, as well as the size of the whiskers. A change in the binding state during whisker formation indicates that some of the dissociated W oxide contributes to whisker formation and that crystalline whiskers are grown at nucleation sites through this process.