A Survey on the Adoption of Blockchain in IoT: Challenges and Solutions

Abstract Conventional IoT ecosystems involve data streaming from sensors, through Fog devices to a centralized Cloud server. Issues that arise include privacy concerns due to third party management of Cloud servers, single points of failure, a bottleneck in data flows and difficulties in regularly updating firmware for millions of smart devices from a point of security and maintenance perspective. Blockchain technologies avoid trusted third parties and safeguard against a single point of failure and other issues. This has inspired researchers to investigate Blockchain’s adoption into IoT ecosystem. In this paper, recent state-of-the-arts advances in Blockchain for IoT, Blockchain for Cloud IoT and Blockchain for Fog IoT in the context of eHealth, smart cities, intelligent transport and other applications are analyzed. Obstacles, research gaps and potential solutions are also presented.