From tissue engineering to regenerative medicine in urology — The potential and the pitfalls ☆

Tissue engineering is a promising technique for the development of biological substitutes that can restore, maintain, or improve tissue function. The creation of human tissue-engineered products, generated of autologous somatic cells or adult stem cells with or without seeding of biocompatible matrices is a vision to resolve the lack of tissues and organs for transplantation and to offer new options for reconstructive surgery. Tissue engineering in urology aims at the reconstruction of the urinary tract by creating anatomically and functionally equal tissue. It is a rapidly evolving field in basic research and the transfer into the clinic has yet to be realized. Necessary steps from bench to bed are the proof of principle in animal models and the proof of concept in clinical trials following good manufacturing practice and ethical and legal requirements for human tissue-engineered products. Up to now, obstacles still occur in the neovascularization of implants and ingrowth of nerves in vivo. Moreover the harvesting of mesenchymal stem cells out of bone marrow as well as the explant of urothelial cells yet demands rather invasive surgery to achieve a successful outcome. Thus, other cell sources and harvesting techniques like placenta and adipose tissue for mesenchymal stem cells and bladder irrigation for urothelial cells require closer investigation.