uterine cervix: A systematic review and meta-analysis

summary Background: P16 INK4a is a biomarker for transforming HPV infections that could act as an adjunct to current cytological and histological assessment of cervical smears and biopsies, allowing the identification of those women with ambiguous results that require referral to colposcopy and potentially treatment. Material and methods: We conducted a systematic review of all studies that evaluated the use of p16 INK4a in cytological or histological specimens from the uterine cervix. We also estimated the mean proportion of samples that were positive for p16 INK4a in cytology and histology, stratified by the grade of the lesion. Results: Sixty-one studies were included. The proportion of cervical smears overexpressing p16 INK4a increased with the severity of cytological abnormality. Among normal smears, only 12% (95% CI: 7–17%) were positive for the biomarker compared to 45% of ASCUS and LSIL (95% CI: 35–54% and 37–57%, respectively) and 89% of HSIL smears (95% CI: 84–95%). Similarly, in histology only 2% of normal biopsies (95% CI: 0.4–30%) and 38% of CIN1 (95% CI: 23–53%) showed diffuse staining for p16 INK4a compared to 68% of CIN2 (95% CI: 44–92%) and 82% of CIN3 (95% CI: 72–92%). Conclusion: Although there is good evidence that p16 INK4a immunostaining correlates with the severity of cytological/histological abnormalities, the reproducibility is limited due to insufficiently standardized interpretation of the immunostaining. Therefore, a consensus needs to be reached regarding the evaluation of p16 INK4a staining and the biomarker needs to be assessed in various clinical settings addressing specific clinical questions.