Interaction between p21‐activated protein kinase and Rac during differentiation of HL‐60 human promyelocytic leukemia cell induced by all‐trans‐retinoic acid

Undifferentiated human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells show little or no superoxide production, but generate a very low O2– concentration upon incubation with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Its production reaches a maximum within 20 h, and thereafter is maintained at an almost constant level. The differentiated cells show phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated NADPH oxidase activity consistent with the amount of gp91phox (phagocytic oxidase) expressed in the plasma membrane. Three isoforms of p21-activated serine/threonine kinases, PAK68, PAK65 and PAK62, were found in both cytosolic and membrane fractions, and their contents were significantly increased during induced differentiation. The amount of Rac identified in the two fractions was also markedly enhanced by ATRA- induced differentiation. In contrast, neither PAK nor Rac was seen in the plasma membrane of undifferentiated HL-60 or human neutrophil, but they were abundant in the cytoplasmic fraction. Binding of Rac with PAK isoforms was shown in the membrane upon induced differentiation of HL-60 cells. Direct binding of purified Rac1 to PAK68 was quantified using a fluorescent analog of GTP (methylanthraniloyl guanosine-5′-[β,γ-imido]triphosphate) bound to Rac as a reporter group. Rac1 bound to PAK68 with a 1 : 1 stoichiometry and with a Kd value of 6.7 nm.