Condensation of tetragonal zirconia polycrystals by reactive sputtering

Reactive sputtering on metallic Zr target under various oxygen flow rates was employed to produce nanocrystalline zirconia condensates, which were collected on a carbon-coated collodion film for analytical electron microscopic observations. With an Ar flow rate of 28 sccm, the collected condensates are cubic and tetragonal (t-) zirconia less than 10 nm in size under 0–2 sccm oxygen flow rate and increased to 10–20 nm in size with partial t- to monoclinic (m-) zirconia transformation at 3 sccm. Between 4 and 4.5 sccm, t-zirconia polycrystals (TZP) about 20 nm in grain size were formed by coalescence of the t-zirconia condensates. Above 6 sccm, the (111) and {100} specific coalescence as well as random attachment prevailed to form larger (>30 nm) individual condensates of m-zirconia as the critical size of martensitic t–m transformation is exceeded. The TZP formation can be accounted for by the small grain size, the presence of low-valence Zr cation and the lateral constraint of neighboring grains. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.