Aligned porous chitosan/graphene oxide scaffold for bone tissue engineering

Abstract Chitosan/graphene oxide composites (CGs) were developed using directional freezing to create aligned porous three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds resembling bone lamellae. The contact provided by the anisotropic scaffolds played a critical role in guiding the alignment of MC3T3-E1 cells along the longitudinal direction. The higher mechanical strength, shape-memory, cell alignment guiding capabilities, and protein adsorption ability, render these composites potentially useful as scaffold materials in bone tissue engineering.