Impact of El-Nino and La-Nina on Indian Climate and Crop Production

El-Nino refers to a large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction associated with the episodic warming in sea surface temperatures (SST) across the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific. La Nina is an opposite event of El Nino which is termed as the episodic cooling of ocean SST in the central and east-central equatorial pacific. El Nino events are mostly associated with warm and dry conditions in southern and eastern inland areas of Australia, as well as Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia and central Pacific islands such as Fiji, Tonga and Papua New Guinea. The inter-annual variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) has been linked to variations of Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) over the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans. ENSO events have a profound impact on summer monsoonal rainfall across India and most of the major droughts have occurred during El Nino events. However, its reverse is not always true. Previously El Nino had a strong association with droughts in India but this relationship has been weekend in recent years. El Nino conditions mostly coincide with a period of weak monsoon and rising temperatures in India and thus the probability of drought occurrence surges during El Nino events that could be disturbing for Indian crop production and water supply. Moreover, El Nino resulting in deficit rainfall tends to lower the summer crops production such as rice, sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds and therefore the outcome might be seen in form of high inflation rates and lower GDP due to high contribution of agriculture sector in Indian economy. This paper describes the occurrence of El Nino events, its impact on climate in different parts of world with special reference to Indian monsoon and crop production.