Geological and isotopic constraints on the origin of the Anle carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb deposit in northwestern Yunnan Province, SW China

Abstract The Anle Zn–Pb deposit, hosted by Upper Cambrian dolostone, is located in the southern Songpan–Ganzi Block in southwest China. In this deposit, ore bodies occur as stratiform lenses and consist of galena, sphalerite and pyrite as ore minerals, and quartz, dolomite and calcite as gangue minerals. The mineralization shows mainly vein, banded and brecciated structures. Four ore bodies have been found in the Anle deposit, with a combined 2.0 million tonnes (Mt) of sulfide ores at average grades of 1.64 wt.% Pb, 6.64 wt.% Zn and 45 g/t Ag. Brown, brownish-yellow and yellow sphalerite samples have δ 66 Zn values ranging from + 0.08 to + 0.10‰ (average + 0.09‰, n  = 3), + 0.12 to + 0.38‰ (average + 0.24‰, n  = 8) and + 0.40 to + 0.50‰ (average + 0.46‰, n  = 3), respectively. We interpret the progressively heavier Zn isotopes from brown to yellow sphalerite as being led by kinetic Raleigh fractional crystallization. Calcite samples have δ 13 C PDB and δ 18 O SMOW values ranging from − 4.8 to − 0.2‰ (average − 1.7‰, n  = 7) and + 17.9 to + 21.4‰ (average + 19.6‰, n  = 7), respectively. Whole-rock δ 13 C PDB and δ 18 O SMOW values of the Cambrian ore-hosting dolostone range from + 0.1 to + 1.1‰ (average + 0.6‰, n  = 3) and + 23.2 to + 24.1‰ (average + 23.6‰, n  = 3), respectively. This suggests that carbon in the ore-forming fluids was provided by the host dolostone through carbonate dissolution. δ 34 S CDT values of sulfide samples range between − 1.3‰ and + 17.8‰ with an average value of + 6.3‰ ( n  = 25), lower than evaporites (such as barite + 19.8‰) in the overlaying Lower Ordovician sedimentary strata. The data suggest that sulfur in the hydrothermal fluids were derived from evaporites by thermo-chemical sulfate reduction (TSR). 206 Pb/ 204 Pb, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios for sulfide minerals range from 17.63 to 17.86, 15.58 to 15.69 and 37.62 to 37.95, respectively. The data are similar to those of the age-corrected Cambrian ore-hosting dolostone ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 17.70–17.98, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.58–15.65 and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 37.67–38.06), but lower than those of age-corrected Ordovician sandstone and slate ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.54–19.58, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.73–15.81 and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 38.44–39.60). This indicates that ore Pb was most likely to be derived from the Cambrian ore-hosting dolostone. Therefore, our new geological and isotopic evidence suggests that the Anle Zn–Pb deposit is best classified to be an epigenetic carbonate-hosted Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposit.