Determination of Terrestrial Observation Error Models and Parameters in Geodetic Survey

Weights for to the combined adjustment of GPS and terrestrial observations were investigated. The derived weights of terrestrial observations are shown as follows:Distance σS=2.5mm+ (15.9×S) mm PS=1/σS2Direction σD=1.8″+ (0.218/S) ″ PD=1/σD2Vertical angle σV=3.6″+ (0.589/S) ″PV=1/σV2Leveling σL= (σLO√S) m PL=1/σL2σLO=0.6 (1st order), 1.7 (2nd order), 3.2 (3rd order), unit in mm/kmwhere σ: standard error, P: weight, S: approximate observed distance in km.