Biological soil crusts as key player in biogeochemical P cycling during pedogenesis of sandy substrate

Abstract Little is known about phosphorus (P) in biological soil crusts (BSCs) and their role in biogeochemical P cycling. The present study evaluated P in BSCs with an array of methodological approaches including sequential P fractionation, solution 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, synchrotron-based P K -edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, elemental mapping (μ-XRF) combined with μ-XANES and P-lipid quantification. BSCs (light algal crusts) were collected at seven sites along a sediment weathering gradient in north-eastern Germany (based on feldspar weathering indices) from non-weathered dune sands at the Baltic Sea coast to more strongly weathered Weichselian glacio-fluvial sands near Berlin. The total P (P t ) concentrations of BSCs ranged from 93 to 389 mg kg −1 and were not significantly correlated with the change in feldspar weathering index. While concentrations of stable P (H 2 SO 4 -extractable) strongly decreased, labile P (resin- + NaHCO 3 -extractable P) in BSCs increased with increasing sediment weathering. Based on 31 P NMR spectra, 20 to 62% of NaOH-EDTA extracted P was orthophosphate monoesters and 0 to 9% was diesters. For BSCs, P K -edge XANES showed that Ca-P species decreased with increasing weathering. Heterogeneity of the BSCs was exemplarily shown at the micrometre scale by element mapping μ-XRF and μ-XANES, using four 10 × 10 μm spots of a vertical cross-section within a coastal dune BSC. While only the P-lipid class phosphatidic acid (PA) increased with increasing weathering, analyses of BSC phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) revealed decreasing contributions of Gram-positive bacteria with increasing coastal sediment weathering but different taxa were independent of any investigated P parameter. Proportions of lipid-P varied between 0.02 and 0.1% of P t , indicating a constant share of living biomass in BSCs along the gradient. In conclusion, this multi-method study of P speciation in BSCs showed that these communities play a key role in the biogeochemical P cycle, especially by transforming stable P into labile, easily bioavailable P.