Ocular characteristics in Nephropathia epidemica or Puumala virus infection

. Purpose: We document the largest series so far concerning the ocular characteristics of nephropathia epidemica. Methods: A total of 37 consecutive nephropathia epidemica patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination during hospitalization for systemic infection, and a control examination after recovery. Results: The most common ocular symptoms were: frontal headache or periocular pain (75.6%), blurred vision (54.1%) and photophobia (10.8%). The best corrected visual acuity of 7 patients (18.9%) was reduced during the acute phase as compared to the later control examination. Myopic shift was found in 15 patients (40.5%), three of whom (8.1%) developed real transient myopia. There were no attacks of angle closure glaucoma in this series. On the contrary, the intraocular pressure was decreased in 49 eyes (66.2%) during the acute stage of the disease. Lid edema was present in 28 eyes (37.8%), conjunctival injection in 20 eyes (27.0%), chemosis in 8 eyes (10.8%) and subconjunctival bleeding in 3 eyes (4.1%). Signs of acute anterior uveitis were found in 10 eyes (13.5%), however, this resolved without treatment. In one eye retinal edema with hemorrhages was detected. Ultrasonography revealed narrowing of the anterior chamber during the acute phase in 69 eyes (93.2%) and thickening of the crystalline lens in 64 eyes (86.5%). Conclusion: Ophthalmic findings in nephropathia epidemica are not uncommon. The symmetry of the clinical manifestations reflects the systemic nature of the underlying infection.