Microglial activation and brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage

Microglial activation and thrombin formation contribute to brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) are 2 major proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we investigated whether thrombin stimulates TNF-a and IL-1β secretion in vitro, and whether microglial inhibition reduces ICH-induced brain injury in vivo.