Thrombin

1A2C, 1A3B, 1A3E, 1ABI, 1ABJ, 1AD8, 1AE8, 1AI8, 1AIX, 1AWF, 1AWH, 1AY6, 1B5G, 1B7X, 1BA8, 1BB0, 1BCU, 1BHX, 1BMM, 1BMN, 1BTH, 1C1U, 1C1V, 1C1W, 1C4U, 1C4V, 1C4Y, 1C5L, 1C5N, 1C5O, 1CA8, 1D3D, 1D3P, 1D3Q, 1D3T, 1D4P, 1D6W, 1D9I, 1DE7, 1DIT, 1DM4, 1DOJ, 1DWB, 1DWC, 1DWD, 1DX5, 1E0F, 1EB1, 1EOJ, 1EOL, 1FPC, 1G30, 1G32, 1G37, 1GHV, 1GHW, 1GHX, 1GHY, 1GJ4, 1GJ5, 1H8D, 1H8I, 1HAI, 1HAO, 1HAP, 1HBT, 1HLT, 1HUT, 1HXE, 1HXF, 1IHS, 1JMO, 1JOU, 1JWT, 1K21, 1K22, 1KTS, 1KTT, 1LHC, 1LHD, 1LHE, 1LHF, 1LHG, 1MH0, 1MU6, 1MU8, 1MUE, 1NM6, 1NRN, 1NRO, 1NRP, 1NRQ, 1NRR, 1NRS, 1NT1, 1NU7, 1NU9, 1NY2, 1NZQ, 1O0D, 1O2G, 1O5G, 1OOK, 1OYT, 1P8V, 1PPB, 1QBV, 1QHR, 1QJ1, 1QJ6, 1QJ7, 1QUR, 1RD3, 1RIW, 1SB1, 1SFQ, 1SG8, 1SGI, 1SHH, 1SL3, 1SR5, 1T4U, 1T4V, 1TA2, 1TA6, 1TB6, 1THP, 1THR, 1THS, 1TMB, 1TMU, 1TOM, 1TQ0, 1TQ7, 1TWX, 1UVS, 1VR1, 1VZQ, 1W7G, 1WAY, 1WBG, 1XM1, 1XMN, 1YPE, 1YPG, 1YPJ, 1YPK, 1YPL, 1YPM, 1Z71, 1Z8I, 1Z8J, 1ZGI, 1ZGV, 1ZRB, 2A0Q, 2A2X, 2A45, 2AFQ, 2ANK, 2ANM, 2B5T, 2BDY, 2BVR, 2BVS, 2BVX, 2BXT, 2BXU, 2C8Y, 2FEQ, 2FES, 2GDE, 2GP9, 2H9T, 2HGT, 2HNT, 2HPP, 2HPQ, 2HWL, 2JH0, 2JH6, 2OD3, 2PGB, 2PGQ, 2PW8, 2R2M, 2THF, 2ZFQ, 2ZFR, 2ZG0, 2ZHE, 2ZHF, 2ZHW, 2ZI2, 2ZIQ, 2ZNK, 2ZO3, 3B23, 3B9F, 3BEF, 3BEI, 3BF6, 3BIU, 3BIV, 3BV9, 3C1K, 3C27, 3D49, 3DA9, 3DD2, 3DT0, 3DUX, 3E6P, 3EE0, 3EQ0, 3F68, 3GIC, 3GIS, 3HAT, 3HKJ, 3HTC, 3JZ2, 3LDX, 3LU9, 3NXP, 3P17, 3P6Z, 3P70, 3PO1, 3QGN, 3QLP, 3QTO, 3QTV, 3QWC, 3QX5, 3R3G, 3RLW, 3RLY, 3RM0, 3RM2, 3RML, 3RMM, 3RMN, 3RMO, 3S7H, 3S7K, 3SHA, 3SHC, 3SI3, 3SI4, 3SQE, 3SQH, 3SV2, 3T5F, 3TU7, 3U69, 3U8O, 3U8R, 3U8T, 3U98, 3U9A, 3UTU, 3UWJ, 3VXE, 3VXF, 4BAH, 4BAK, 4BAM, 4BAN, 4BAO, 4BAQ, 4BOH, 4DIH, 4DII, 4DT7, 4DY7, 4E05, 4E06, 4E7R, 4H6S, 4H6T, 4HFP, 4HTC, 4THN, 5GDS, 7KME, 8KME, 1A46, 1A4W, 1A5G, 1A61, 1AFE, 1AHT, 1DWE, 1FPH, 1HAG, 1HAH, 1HDT, 1HGT, 1IHT, 1NO9, 1TBZ, 1TMT, 1UMA, 2C8W, 2C8X, 2C8Z, 2C90, 2C93, 2CF8, 2CF9, 2CN0, 2JH5, 2PKS, 2UUF, 2UUJ, 2UUK, 2V3H, 2V3O, 2ZC9, 2ZDA, 2ZDV, 2ZF0, 2ZFF, 2ZFP, 2ZGB, 2ZGX, 2ZHQ, 3DHK, 3EGK, 3JZ1, 3K65, 3PMH, 3QDZ, 4AX9, 4AYV, 4AYY, 4AZ2, 4CH2, 4CH8, 4HZH, 4I7Y, 4LOY, 4LXB, 4LZ1, 4LZ4, 4MLF, 4N3L, 4NZE, 4NZQ, 4O03, 4RKJ, 4RKO, 4RN6, 4YES, 4UD9, 4UDW, 4UE7, 4UEH, 5AF9, 5AFY, 5AFZ, 5AHG, 5CMX, 4UFD, 5EDM, 5E8E, 5EDK, 4UFE, 4UFG, 4UFF, 5A2M, 5JDU214714061ENSG00000180210ENSMUSG00000027249P00734P19221NM_000506NM_001311257NM_010168NP_000497NP_001298186NP_034298Thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5, fibrinogenase, thrombase, thrombofort, topical, thrombin-C, tropostasin, activated blood-coagulation factor II, blood-coagulation factor IIa, factor IIa, E thrombin, beta-thrombin, gamma-thrombin) is a serine protease, an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the F2 gene. Prothrombin (coagulation factor II) is proteolytically cleaved to form thrombin in the clotting process. Thrombin in turn acts as a serine protease that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble strands of fibrin, as well as catalyzing many other coagulation-related reactions.1a2c: STRUCTURE OF THROMBIN INHIBITED BY AERUGINOSIN298-A FROM A BLUE-GREEN ALGA1a3b: COMPLEX OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN WITH THE BIFUNCTIONAL BORONATE INHIBITOR BOROLOG11a3e: COMPLEX OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN WITH THE BIFUNCTIONAL BORONATE INHIBITOR BOROLOG21a46: THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH HIRUGEN AND A BETA-STRAND MIMETIC INHIBITOR1a4w: CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF THROMBIN WITH THIAZOLE-CONTAINING INHIBITORS: PROBES OF THE S1' BINDING SITE1a5g: HUMAN THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH NOVEL SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE MIMETIC INHIBITOR AND HIRUGEN1a61: THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH A BETA-MIMETIC THIAZOLE-CONTAINING INHIBITOR1abi: STRUCTURE OF THE HIRULOG 3-THROMBIN COMPLEX AND NATURE OF THE S' SUBSITES OF SUBSTRATES AND INHIBITORS1abj: STRUCTURE OF THE HIRULOG 3-THROMBIN COMPLEX AND NATURE OF THE S' SUBSITES OF SUBSTRATES AND INHIBITORS1ad8: COMPLEX OF THROMBIN WITH AND INHIBITOR CONTAINING A NOVEL P1 MOIETY1ae8: HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN INHIBITION BY EOC-D-PHE-PRO-AZALYS-ONP1aht: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH HIRUGEN AND P-AMIDINOPHENYLPYRUVATE) AT 1.6 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION1ai8: HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN TERNARY COMPLEX WITH THE EXOSITE INHIBITOR HIRUGEN AND ACTIVE SITE INHIBITOR PHCH2OCO-D-DPA-PRO-BOROMPG1aix: HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN TERNARY COMPLEX WITH EXOSITE INHIBITOR HIRUGEN AND ACTIVE SITE INHIBITOR PHCH2OCO-D-DPA-PRO-BOROVAL1awf: NOVEL COVALENT THROMBIN INHIBITOR FROM PLANT EXTRACT1awh: NOVEL COVALENT THROMBIN INHIBITOR FROM PLANT EXTRACT1ay6: THROMBIN INHIBITOR FROM THEONALLA, CYCLOTHEANAMIDE-BASED MACROCYCLIC TRIPEPTIDE MOTIF1b5g: HUMAN THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH NOVEL SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE MIMETIC INHIBITOR AND HIRUGEN1b7x: STRUCTURE OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN Y225I MUTANT BOUND TO D-PHE-PRO-ARG-CHLOROMETHYLKETONE1ba8: THROMBIN INHIBITOR WITH A RIGID TRIPEPTIDYL ALDEHYDES1bb0: THROMBIN INHIBITORS WITH RIGID TRIPEPTIDYL ALDEHYDES1bbr: THE STRUCTURE OF RESIDUES 7-16 OF THE A ALPHA CHAIN OF HUMAN FIBRINOGEN BOUND TO BOVINE THROMBIN AT 2.3 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION1bcu: ALPHA-THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH HIRUGEN AND PROFLAVIN1bhx: X-RAY STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX OF HUMAN ALPHA THROMBIN WITH THE INHIBITOR SDZ 229-3571bth: STRUCTURE OF THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH BOVINE PANCREATIC TRYPSIN INHIBITOR1c1u: RECRUITING ZINC TO MEDIATE POTENT, SPECIFIC INHIBITION OF SERINE PROTEASES1c1v: RECRUITING ZINC TO MEDIATE POTENT, SPECIFIC INHIBITION OF SERINE PROTEASES1c1w: RECRUITING ZINC TO MEDIATE POTENT, SPECIFIC INHIBITION OF SERINE PROTEASES1c4u: SELECTIVE NON ELECTROPHILIC THROMBIN INHIBITORS WITH CYCLOHEXYL MOIETIES.1c4v: SELECTIVE NON ELECTROPHILIC THROMBIN INHIBITORS WITH CYCLOHEXYL MOIETIES.1c4y: SELECTIVE NON-ELECTROPHILIC THROMBIN INHIBITORS1c5l: STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR SELECTIVITY OF A SMALL MOLECULE, S1-BINDING, SUB-MICROMOLAR INHIBITOR OF UROKINASE TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR1c5n: STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR SELECTIVITY OF A SMALL MOLECULE, S1-BINDING, SUB-MICROMOLAR INHIBITOR OF UROKINASE TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR1c5o: STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR SELECTIVITY OF A SMALL MOLECULE, S1-BINDING, SUB-MICROMOLAR INHIBITOR OF UROKINASE TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR1ca8: THROMBIN INHIBITORS WITH RIGID TRIPEPTIDYL ALDEHYDES1d3d: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN ALPHA THROMBIN IN COMPLEX WITH BENZOTHIOPHENE INHIBITOR 41d3p: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN IN COMPLEX WITH BENZOTHIOPHENE INHIBITOR 31d3q: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN ALPHA THROMBIN IN COMPLEX WITH BENZOTHIOPHENE INHIBITOR 21d3t: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN ALPHA THROMBIN IN COMPLEX WITH BENZOTHIOPHENE INHIBITOR 11d4p: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN ALPHA THROMBIN IN COMPLEX WITH 5-AMIDINOINDOLE-4-BENZYLPIPERIDINE INHIBITOR1d6w: STRUCTURE OF THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH SELECTIVE NON-ELECTROPHILIC INHIBITORS HAVING CYCLOHEXYL MOIETIES AT P11d9i: STRUCTURE OF THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH SELECTIVE NON-ELECTOPHILIC INHIBITORS HAVING CYCLOHEXYL MOIETIES AT P11de7: INTERACTION OF FACTOR XIII ACTIVATION PEPTIDE WITH ALPHA-THROMBIN: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX1dit: COMPLEX OF A DIVALENT INHIBITOR WITH THROMBIN1dm4: SER195ALA MUTANT OF HUMAN THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH FIBRINOPEPTIDE A (7-16)1doj: Crystal structure of human alpha-thrombin*RWJ-51438 complex at 1.7 A1dwb: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS AT 3.0-ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION OF THE BINDING TO HUMAN THROMBIN OF FOUR ACTIVE SITE-DIRECTED INHIBITORS1dwc: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS AT 3.0-ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION OF THE BINDING TO HUMAN THROMBIN OF FOUR ACTIVE SITE-DIRECTED INHIBITORS1dwd: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS AT 3.0-ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION OF THE BINDING TO HUMAN THROMBIN OF FOUR ACTIVE SITE-DIRECTED INHIBITORS1dwe: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS AT 3.0-ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION OF THE BINDING TO HUMAN THROMBIN OF FOUR ACTIVE SITE-DIRECTED INHIBITORS1dx5: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE THROMBIN-THROMBOMODULIN COMPLEX1e0f: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN-HAEMADIN COMPLEX: AN EXOSITE II-BINDING INHIBITOR1eb1: COMPLEX STRUCTURE OF HUMAN THROMBIN WITH N-METHYL-ARGININE INHIBITOR1eoj: DESIGN OF P1' AND P3' RESIDUES OF TRIVALENT THROMBIN INHIBITORS AND THEIR CRYSTAL STRUCTURES1eol: DESIGN OF P1' AND P3' RESIDUES OF TRIVALENT THROMBIN INHIBITORS AND THEIR CRYSTAL STRUCTURES1fpc: ACTIVE SITE MIMETIC INHIBITION OF THROMBIN1fph: THE INTERACTION OF THROMBIN WITH FIBRINOGEN: A STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR ITS SPECIFICITY1g30: THROMBIN INHIBITOR COMPLEX1g32: THROMBIN INHIBITOR COMPLEX1g37: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH BCH-10556 AND EXOSITE-DIRECTED PEPTIDE1ghv: A NOVEL SERINE PROTEASE INHIBITION MOTIF INVOLVING A MULTI-CENTERED SHORT HYDROGEN BONDING NETWORK AT THE ACTIVE SITE1ghw: A NOVEL SERINE PROTEASE INHIBITION MOTIF INVOLVING A MULTI-CENTERED SHORT HYDROGEN BONDING NETWORK AT THE ACTIVE SITE1ghx: A NOVEL SERINE PROTEASE INHIBITION MOTIF INVOLVING A MULTI-CENTERED SHORT HYDROGEN BONDING NETWORK AT THE ACTIVE SITE1ghy: A NOVEL SERINE PROTEASE INHIBITION MOTIF INVOLVING A MULTI-CENTERED SHORT HYDROGEN BONDING NETWORK AT THE ACTIVE SITE1gj4: SELECTIVITY AT S1, H2O DISPLACEMENT, UPA, TPA, SER190/ALA190 PROTEASE, STRUCTURE-BASED DRUG DESIGN1gj5: SELECTIVITY AT S1, H2O DISPLACEMENT, UPA, TPA, SER190/ALA190 PROTEASE, STRUCTURE-BASED DRUG DESIGN1h8d: X-RAY STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN COMPLEX WITH A TRIPEPTIDE PHOSPHONATE INHIBITOR.1h8i: X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN WITH A TRIPEPTIDE PHOSPHONATE INHIBITOR.1hag: THE ISOMORPHOUS STRUCTURES OF PRETHROMBIN2, HIRUGEN-AND PPACK-THROMBIN: CHANGES ACCOMPANYING ACTIVATION AND EXOSITE BINDING TO THROMBIN1hah: THE ISOMORPHOUS STRUCTURES OF PRETHROMBIN2, HIRUGEN-AND PPACK-THROMBIN: CHANGES ACCOMPANYING ACTIVATION AND EXOSITE BINDING TO THROMBIN1hai: THE ISOMORPHOUS STRUCTURES OF PRETHROMBIN2, HIRUGEN-AND PPACK-THROMBIN: CHANGES ACCOMPANYING ACTIVATION AND EXOSITE BINDING TO THROMBIN1hao: COMPLEX OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN WITH A 15MER OLIGONUCLEOTIDE GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG (BASED ON NMR MODEL OF DNA1hap: COMPLEX OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN WITH A 15MER OLIGONUCLEOTIDE GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG (BASED ON X-RAY MODEL OF DNA)1hbt: HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH A PEPTIDYL PYRIDINIUM METHYL KETONE CONTAINING BIVALENT INHIBITOR1hdt: STRUCTURE OF A RETRO-BINDING PEPTIDE INHIBITOR COMPLEXED WITH HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN1hgt: STRUCTURE OF THE HIRUGEN AND HIRULOG 1 COMPLEXES OF ALPHA-THROMBIN1hlt: THE STRUCTURE OF A NONADECAPEPTIDE OF THE FIFTH EGF DOMAIN OF THROMBOMODULIN COMPLEXED WITH THROMBIN1hut: THE STRUCTURE OF ALPHA-THROMBIN INHIBITED BY A 15-MER SINGLE-STRANDED DNA APTAMER1hxe: SERINE PROTEASE1hxf: HUMAN THROMBIN COMPLEX WITH HIRUDIN VARIANT1ihs: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN AND NON-HYDROLYZABLE BIFUNCTIONAL INHIBITORS, HIRUTONIN-2 AND HIRUTONIN-61iht: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN AND NON-HYDROLYZABLE BIFUNCTIONAL INHIBITORS, HIRUTONIN-2 AND HIRUTONIN-61jmo: Crystal Structure of the Heparin Cofactor II-S195A Thrombin Complex1jou: Crystal Structure of Native S195A Thrombin with an Unoccupied Active Site1jwt: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THROMBIN IN COMPLEX WITH A NOVEL BICYCLIC LACTAM INHIBITOR1k21: HUMAN THROMBIN-INHIBITOR COMPLEX1k22: HUMAN THROMBIN-INHIBITOR COMPLEX1kts: Thrombin Inhibitor Complex1ktt: Thrombin inhibitor complex1lhc: HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH AC-(D)PHE-PRO-BOROARG-OH1lhd: HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH AC-(D)PHE-PRO-BOROLYS-OH1lhe: HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH AC-(D)PHE-PRO-BORO-N-BUTYL-AMIDINO-GLYCINE-OH1lhf: HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH AC-(D)PHE-PRO-BORO-HOMOLYS-OH1lhg: HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH AC-(D)PHE-PRO-BOROORNITHINE-OH1mh0: Crystal structure of the anticoagulant slow form of thrombin1mu6: Crystal Structure of Thrombin in Complex with L-378,6221mu8: thrombin-hirugen_l-378,6501mue: Thrombin-Hirugen-L405,4261nm6: thrombin in complex with selective macrocyclic inhibitor at 1.8A1no9: Design of weakly basic thrombin inhibitors incorporating novel P1 binding functions: molecular and X-ray crystallographic studies.1nrn: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STRUCTURES OF THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH THROMBIN RECEPTOR PEPTIDES: EXISTENCE OF EXPECTED AND NOVEL BINDING MODES1nro: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STRUCTURES OF THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH THROMBIN RECEPTOR PEPTIDES: EXISTENCE OF EXPECTED AND NOVEL BINDING MODES1nrp: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STRUCTURES OF THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH THROMBIN RECEPTOR PEPTIDES: EXISTENCE OF EXPECTED AND NOVEL BINDING MODES1nrq: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STRUCTURES OF THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH THROMBIN RECEPTOR PEPTIDES: EXISTENCE OF EXPECTED AND NOVEL BINDING MODES1nrr: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STRUCTURES OF THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH THROMBIN RECEPTOR PEPTIDES: EXISTENCE OF EXPECTED AND NOVEL BINDING MODES1nrs: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STRUCTURES OF THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH THROMBIN RECEPTOR PEPTIDES: EXISTENCE OF EXPECTED AND NOVEL BINDING MODES1nt1: thrombin in complex with selective macrocyclic inhibitor1nu7: Staphylocoagulase-Thrombin Complex1nu9: Staphylocoagulase-Prethrombin-2 complex1ny2: Human alpha thrombin inhibited by RPPGF and hirugen1nzq: D-Phe-Pro-Arg-Type Thrombin Inhibitor1o0d: Human Thrombin complexed with a d-Phe-Pro-Arg-type Inhibitor and a C-terminal Hirudin derived exo-site inhibitor1o2g: Elaborate Manifold of Short Hydrogen Bond Arrays Mediating Binding of Active Site-Directed Serine Protease Inhibitors1o5g: Dissecting and Designing Inhibitor Selectivity Determinants at the S1 site Using an Artificial Ala190 Protease (Ala190 uPA)1ook: Crystal Structure of the Complex of Platelet Receptor GPIb-alpha and Human alpha-Thrombin1oyt: COMPLEX OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN THROMBIN WITH A DESIGNED FLUORINATED INHIBITOR1p8v: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX OF PLATELET RECEPTOR GPIB-ALPHA AND ALPHA-THROMBIN AT 2.6A1ppb: THE REFINED 1.9 ANGSTROMS CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN: INTERACTION WITH D-PHE-PRO-ARG CHLOROMETHYLKETONE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TYR-PRO-PRO-TRP INSERTION SEGMENT1qbv: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH AN GUANIDINE-MIMETIC INHIBITOR1qhr: NOVEL COVALENT ACTIVE SITE THROMBIN INHIBITORS1qj1: NOVEL COVALENT ACTIVE SITE THROMBIN INHIBITORS1qj6: NOVEL COVALENT ACTIVE SITE THROMBIN INHIBITORS1qj7: NOVEL COVALENT ACTIVE SITE THROMBIN INHIBITORS1qur: HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN IN COMPLEX WITH BIVALENT, BENZAMIDINE-BASED SYNTHETIC INHIBITOR1rd3: 2.5A Structure of Anticoagulant Thrombin Variant E217K1riw: Thrombin in complex with natural product inhibitor Oscillarin1sb1: Novel Non-Covalent Thrombin Inhibitors Incorporating P1 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydrobenzothiazole Arginine Side Chain Mimetics1sfq: Fast form of thrombin mutant R(77a)A bound to PPACK1sgi: Crystal structure of the anticoagulant slow form of thrombin1shh: Slow form of Thrombin Bound with PPACK1sl3: crystal structure of Thrombin in complex with a potent P1 heterocycle-Aryl based inhibitor1sr5: ANTITHROMBIN-ANHYDROTHROMBIN-HEPARIN TERNARY COMPLEX STRUCTURE1t4u: Crystal Structure Analysis of a novel Oxyguanidine bound to Thrombin1t4v: Crystal Structure Analysis of a novel Oxyguanidine bound to Thrombin1ta2: Crystal structure of thrombin in complex with compound 11ta6: Crystal structure of thrombin in complex with compound 14b1tb6: 2.5A Crystal Structure of the Antithrombin-Thrombin-Heparin Ternary Complex1tbz: HUMAN THROMBIN WITH ACTIVE SITE N-METHYL-D PHENYLALANYL-N--1- BUTYL]-L-PROLINAMIDE TRIFLUROACETATE AND EXOSITE-HIRUGEN1thp: STRUCTURE OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN Y225P MUTANT BOUND TO D-PHE-PRO-ARG-CHLOROMETHYLKETONE1thr: STRUCTURES OF THROMBIN COMPLEXES WITH A DESIGNED AND A NATURAL EXOSITE INHIBITOR1ths: STRUCTURES OF THROMBIN COMPLEXES WITH A DESIGNED AND A NATURAL EXOSITE INHIBITOR1tmb: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THE INHIBITION OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN BY THE MACROCYCLIC PEPTIDE CYCLOTHEONAMIDE A1tmt: CHANGES IN INTERACTIONS IN COMPLEXES OF HIRUDIN DERIVATIVES AND HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN DUE TO DIFFERENT CRYSTAL FORMS1tmu: CHANGES IN INTERACTIONS IN COMPLEXES OF HIRUDIN DERIVATIVES AND HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN DUE TO DIFFERENT CRYSTAL FORMS1tom: ALPHA-THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH HIRUGEN1tq0: Crystal structure of the potent anticoagulant thrombin mutant W215A/E217A in free form1tq7: Crystal structure of the anticoagulant thrombin mutant W215A/E217A bound to PPACK1twx: Crystal structure of the thrombin mutant D221A/D222K1ucy: THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH FIBRINOPEPTIDE A ALPHA (RESIDUES 7-19). THREE COMPLEXES, ONE WITH EPSILON-THROMBIN AND TWO WITH ALPHA-THROMBIN1uma: ALPHA-THROMBIN (HIRUGEN) COMPLEXED WITH NA-(N,N-DIMETHYLCARBAMOYL)-ALPHA-AZALYSINE1uvs: BOVINE THROMBIN--BM51.1011 COMPLEX1vit: THROMBIN:HIRUDIN 51-65 COMPLEX1vr1: Specificity for Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-11vzq: COMPLEX OF THROMBIN WITH DESIGNED INHIBITOR 71651w7g: ALPHA-THROMBIN COMPLEX WITH SULFATED HIRUDIN (RESIDUES 54-65) AND L-ARGININE TEMPLATE INHIBITOR CS1071way: ACTIVE SITE THROMBIN INHIBITORS1wbg: ACTIVE SITE THROMBIN INHIBITORS1xm1: Nonbasic Thrombin Inhibitor Complex1xmn: Crystal structure of thrombin bound to heparin1ycp: THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF FIBRINOGEN-AA PEPTIDE 1-23 (F8Y) BOUND TO BOVINE THROMBIN EXPLAINS WHY THE MUTATION OF PHE-8 TO TYROSINE STRONGLY INHIBITS NORMAL CLEAVAGE AT ARGININE-161ype: Thrombin Inhibitor Complex1ypg: Thrombin Inhibitor Complex1ypj: Thrombin Inhibitor Complex1ypk: Thrombin Inhibitor Complex1ypl: X-ray crystal structure of thrombin inhibited by synthetic cyanopeptide analogue RA-10081ypm: X-ray crystal structure of thrombin inhibited by synthetic cyanopeptide analogue RA-10141z71: thrombin and P2 pyridine N-oxide inhibitor complex structure1z8i: Crystal structure of the thrombin mutant G193A bound to PPACK1z8j: Crystal structure of the thrombin mutant G193P bound to PPACK1zgi: thrombin in complex with an oxazolopyridine inhibitor 211zgv: Thrombin in complex with an oxazolopyridine inhibitor 21zrb: Thrombin in complex with an azafluorenyl inhibitor 23b2a0q: Structure of thrombin in 400 mM potassium chloride2a2x: Orally Active Thrombin Inhibitors in Complex with Thrombin Inh122a45: Crystal structure of the complex between thrombin and the central ''E'' region of fibrin2afq: 1.9 angstrom crytal structure of wild-type human thrombin in the sodium free state2ank: orally active thrombin inhibitors in complex with thrombin and an exosite decapeptide2anm: Ternary complex of an orally active thrombin inhibitor with human thrombin and a c-terminal hirudin derived exo-sit inhibitor2b5t: 2.1 Angstrom structure of a nonproductive complex between antithrombin, synthetic heparin mimetic SR123781 and two S195A thrombin molecules2bdy: thrombin in complex with inhibitor2bvr: HUMAN THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH FRAGMENT-BASED SMALL MOLECULES OCCUPYING THE S1 POCKET2bvs: HUMAN THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH FRAGMENT-BASED SMALL MOLECULES OCCUPYING THE S1 POCKET2bvx: DESIGN AND DISCOVERY OF NOVEL, POTENT THROMBIN INHIBITORS WITH A SOLUBILIZING CATIONIC P1-P2-LINKER2bxt: DESIGN AND DISCOVERY OF NOVEL, POTENT THROMBIN INHIBITORS WITH A SOLUBILIZING CATIONIC P1-P2-LINKER2bxu: DESIGN AND DISCOVERY OF NOVEL, POTENT THROMBIN INHIBITORS WITH A SOLUBILIZING CATIONIC P1-P2-LINKER2c8w: THROMBIN INHIBITORS2c8x: THROMBIN INHIBITORS2c8y: THROMBIN INHIBITORS2c8z: THROMBIN INHIBITORS2c90: THROMBIN INHIBITORS2c93: THROMBIN INHIBITORS2cf8: COMPLEX OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN THROMBIN WITH A INHIBITOR2cf9: COMPLEX OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN THROMBIN WITH A INHIBITOR2cn0: COMPLEX OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN THROMBIN WITH A DESIGNED INHIBITOR2feq: orally active thrombin inhibitors2fes: Orally active thrombin inhibitors2gde: Thrombin in complex with inhibitor2gp9: Crystal structure of the slow form of thrombin in a self-inhibited conformation2h9t: Crystal structure of human alpha-thrombin in complex with suramin2hgt: STRUCTURE OF THE HIRUGEN AND HIRULOG 1 COMPLEXES OF ALPHA-THROMBIN2hnt: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF HUMAN GAMMA-THROMBIN2hpp: STRUCTURES OF THE NONCOVALENT COMPLEXES OF HUMAN AND BOVINE PROTHROMBIN FRAGMENT 2 WITH HUMAN PPACK-THROMBIN2hpq: STRUCTURES OF THE NONCOVALENT COMPLEXES OF HUMAN AND BOVINE PROTHROMBIN FRAGMENT 2 WITH HUMAN PPACK-THROMBIN2hwl: Crystal structure of thrombin in complex with fibrinogen gamma' peptide2jh0: HUMAN THROMBIN HIRUGEN INHIBITOR COMPLEX.2jh5: HUMAN THROMBIN HIRUGEN INHIBITOR COMPLEX.2jh6: HUMAN THROMBIN HIRUGEN INHIBITOR COMPLEX.2od3: Human thrombin chimera with human residues 184a, 186, 186a, 186b, 186c and 222 replaced by murine thrombin equivalents.2thf: STRUCTURE OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN Y225F MUTANT BOUND TO D-PHE-PRO-ARG-CHLOROMETHYLKETONE3hat: ACTIVE SITE MIMETIC INHIBITION OF THROMBIN4htc: THE REFINED STRUCTURE OF THE HIRUDIN-THROMBIN COMPLEX4thn: THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ALPHA-THROMBIN-HIRUNORM IV COMPLEX REVEALS A NOVEL SPECIFICITY SITE RECOGNITION MODE.5gds: HIRUNORMS ARE TRUE HIRUDIN MIMETICS. THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN:HIRUNORM V COMPLEX7kme: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN INHIBITED WITH SEL2711.8kme: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN INHIBITED WITH SEL2770. Thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5, fibrinogenase, thrombase, thrombofort, topical, thrombin-C, tropostasin, activated blood-coagulation factor II, blood-coagulation factor IIa, factor IIa, E thrombin, beta-thrombin, gamma-thrombin) is a serine protease, an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the F2 gene. Prothrombin (coagulation factor II) is proteolytically cleaved to form thrombin in the clotting process. Thrombin in turn acts as a serine protease that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble strands of fibrin, as well as catalyzing many other coagulation-related reactions. After the description of fibrinogen and fibrin, Alexander Schmidt hypothesised the existence of an enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin in 1872. Thrombin is produced by the enzymatic cleavage of two sites on prothrombin by activated Factor X (Xa). The activity of factor Xa is greatly enhanced by binding to activated Factor V (Va), termed the prothrombinase complex. Prothrombin is produced in the liver and is co-translationally modified in a vitamin K-dependent reaction that converts 10-12 glutamic acids in the N terminus of the molecule to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla). In the presence of calcium, the Gla residues promote the binding of prothrombin to phospholipid bilayers. Deficiency of vitamin K or administration of the anticoagulant warfarin inhibits the production of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues, slowing the activation of the coagulation cascade. In human adults, the normal blood level of antithrombin activity has been measured to be around 1.1 units/mL. Newborn levels of thrombin steadily increase after birth to reach normal adult levels, from a level of around 0.5 units/mL 1 day after birth, to a level of around 0.9 units/mL after 6 months of life. In the blood coagulation pathway, thrombin acts to convert factor XI to XIa, VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa. Factor XIIIa is a transglutaminase that catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues in fibrin. The covalent bonds increase the stability of the fibrin clot. Thrombin interacts with thrombomodulin. As part of its activity in the coagulation cascade, thrombin also promotes platelet activation and aggregation via activation of protease-activated receptors on the cell membrane of the platelet. Thrombin bound to thrombomodulin activates protein C, an inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. The activation of protein C is greatly enhanced following the binding of thrombin to thrombomodulin, an integral membrane protein expressed by endothelial cells. Activated protein C inactivates factors Va and VIIIa. Binding of activated protein C to protein S leads to a modest increase in its activity. Thrombin is also inactivated by antithrombin, a serine protease inhibitor. The molecular weight of prothrombin is approximately 72,000 Da. The catalytic domain is released from prothrombin fragment 1.2 to create the active enzyme thrombin, which has a molecular weight of 36,000 Da. Structurally, it is a member of the large PA clan of proteases.