3'3-Diindolylmethane inhibits migration, invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by suppressing FAK signaling.
2015
// Wen-Xue Li 1 , Li-Ping Chen 2 , Min-Ying Sun 1 , Jun-Tao Li 1 , Hua-Zhang Liu 1 , Wei Zhu 1 1 Dearpartmant of Toxicology, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China 2 Faculty of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, China Correspondence to: Wei Zhu, e-mail: zhuyc126@126.com Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), diindolylmethane (DIM), MMP2/9, pTEN Received: September 03, 2014 Accepted: May 21, 2015 Published: June 03, 2015 ABSTRACT Late stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) usually has a low survival rate because it has high potential of metastases and there is no effective cure. 3′3-Diindolylmethane (DIM) is the major product of the acid-catalyzed oligomerization of indole-3-carbinol present in cruciferous vegetables. DIM has been proved to exhibit anticancer properties. In this study, we explored the effects and molecular mechanisms of anti-metastasis of DIM on HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo . We chose two HCC cell lines SMMC-7721 and MHCC-97H that have high potential of invasion. The results showed that DIM inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of these two cell lines in vitro . In addition, in vivo study demonstrated that DIM significantly decreased the volumes of SMMC-7721 orthotopic liver tumor and suppressed lung metastasis in nude mice. Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) is found over activated in HCC cells. We found that DIM decreased the level of phospho-FAK (Tyr397) both in vitro and in vivo . DIM inhibition of phospho-FAK (Tyr397) led to down-regulation of MMP2/9 and decreased potential of metastasis. DIM also repressed the migration and invasion induced by vitronectin through inactivation of FAK pathway and down-regulation of MMP2/9 in vitro . We also found that pTEN plays a role in down-regulation of FAK by DIM. These results demonstrated that DIM blocks HCC cell metastasis by suppressing tumor cell migration and invasion. The anti-metastasis effect of DIM could be explained to be its down-regulated expression and activation of MMP2/9 partly induced by up-regulation of pTEN and inhibition of phospho-FAK (Tyr397).
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