Ultralow-energy InGaAsP modulators based on a photonic crystal waveguide/nanocavity involving the Franz-Keldysh effect

Ultrasmall InGaAsP optical modulators were realized using a photonic crystal waveguide/nanocavity with a small-capacitance p-i-n junction and the Franz-Keldysh effect. Eye patterns reaching 56 Gb/s and a record-low charging energy of <100 aJ/bit were evaluated.