In Vivo Near-Infrared Photodynamic Therapy Based on Targeted Upconversion Nanoparticles.

Abstract Upconversion nanoparticles have shown to be a promising prospect for biological detection and photodynamic therapy (PDT). The focus of this study was to develop an upconversion nanoparticle modified with a targeting peptide and photosensitizer for near-infrared photodynamic therapy. To produce a tumor-targeting nanophotosensitizer with near-infrared excitation, NaYF4:Yb/Er upconversion nanoparticles were first wrapped with O-carboxymethyl chitosan to develop an upconversion rianoplatform and then chemically conjugated with the photosensitizer pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa) and RGD peptide c(RGDyK). The nanoparticle exhibited low dark toxicity and high biocompatibility. When injected into the tail vein of tumor-bearing U87-MG mice, UCNP-Ppa-RGD revealed an enhanced tumor-specific biodistribution and successful therapeutic effect following near-infrared laser irradiation. It possessed a significantly deeper therapeutic depth compared with conventional visible light triggered PDT using Ppa. The results suggest that the nanoplatform has advantages in the spectral application, and the constructed tumor-specific nanoparticle shows high clinical potential to serve not only as a photodynamic imaging reagent but also as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of large or deeply seated tumors.