Applications of novel quantum dots derived from layered materials in cancer cell imaging

Abstract Quantum dots (QDs) is one of the very important zero dimensional nanostructure which are known as the semiconductor nanocrystals. These nanostructures are of great interest due to their unique optical properties such as high absorption amplitude, strong fluorescence and high resistance to photobleaching. Therefore, quantum dots are widely used as a fluorescence indicator in vitro and in vivo in the field of bioimaging. In addition, quantum dots are widely used in the preparation of multifunctional thranostic nanomaterials. Although organic dye and quantum dots synthesized with heavy metals has been used for cell imaging in recent years, but the production of quantum dots from two-dimensional nanostructures due to having unique properties such as more stable fluorescence, less toxicity and more eco-friendly has recently received more attention. Graphene oxide, molybdenum disulfide, and black phosphorus are the most popular two-dimensional layered nanostructures used to synthesize quantum dots. These quantum dots are used to imaging different types of cancers. Recently, they have also been used in techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) for normal cell imaging. In this review the synthesis methods as well as surface modifications of QDs derived from two dimensional nanostructures are discussed. Furthermore the newest applications of these QDs in the field of cancer cellular imaging are reviewed.