Role of thrombospondin‑1 and thrombospondin‑2 in cardiovascular diseases (Review)

: Thrombospondin (TSP)‑1 and TSP‑2 are matricellular proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM), which serve a significant role in the pathological processes of various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The multiple effects of TSP‑1 and TSP‑2 are due to their ability to interact with various ligands, such as structural components of the ECM, cytokines, cellular receptors, growth factors, proteases and other stromal cell proteins. TSP‑1 and TSP‑2 regulate the structure and activity of the aforementioned ligands by interacting directly or indirectly with them, thereby regulating the activity of different types of cells in response to environmental stimuli. The pathological processes of numerous CVDs are associated with the degradation and remodeling of ECM components, and with cell migration, dysfunction and apoptosis, which may be regulated by TSP‑1 and TSP‑2 through different mechanisms. Therefore, investigating the role of TSP‑1 and TSP‑2 in different CVDs and the potential signaling pathways they are associated with may provide a new perspective on potential therapies for the treatment of CVDs. In the present review, the current understanding of the roles TSP‑1 and TSP‑2 serve in various CVDs were summarized. In addition, the interacting ligands and the potential pathways associated with these thrombospondins in CVDs are also discussed.