Towards a Pan-European network for the mitigation of ionospheric threats

Measurements of signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) offer the possibility to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of the electron density structure in the ionosphere and plasmasphere. Dual frequency ground based measurements are well suited to observe horizontal structures of the electron density and their dynamics whereas space based GNSS measurements can effectively contribute to explore the vertical structure of the ionosphere-plasmasphere ionization. The current data base, covering more than one solar cycle, enabled the development of empirical models of ionospheric key parameters such as the total electron content (TEC), the peak density NmF2 and the corresponding peak density height hmF2. TEC models can directly be used as correction in single frequency GNSS applications. Utilizing well established geodetic networks such as that of the International GNSS Service (IGS), it is discussed how ground based GNSS measurements are used to derive regional and global maps of the vertical TEC in near real time. Actual TEC maps are used for correcting ionospheric range errors in operational single frequency applications, e.g. in space based augmentation systems (SBAS) like WAAS in US and EGNOS in Europe. However, severe space weather conditions lead to perturbations of the ionospheric plasma which in turn can affect the performance of GNSS. These perturbations come at a wide range of spatial and temporal scales and are observed as large scale ionization fronts, medium scale travelling ionospheric disturbances, plasma bubbles and small scale irregularities causing radio scintillations at the receiver level. These disturbances can strongly degrade the accuracy, reliability, integrity and availability of the GNSS. This is especially detrimental for space and ground based augmentation systems which have specific accuracy and availability requirements. Therefore an important use of the measurements of GNSS signals is to assess the threat that space weather can have on GNSS. One possible application is the estimation of the strongest possible influence of the ionosphere. This can then be used as a safety margin to fulfill the high safety requirements of aircrafts landing with GNSS and GBAS. GNSS receivers are a crucial component in countless modern systems, e.g. in telecommunication, navigation, remote sensing and precision timing. Additionally the demands on these systems with respect to accuracy, reliability and safety are permanently growing. Considering the fact that the ionospheric impact cannot be ignored enhanced research activities are required to improve current solutions for correcting or mitigating the ionospheric impact or at least to provide awareness of current threats. It is reported how the current EC funded research project TRANSMIT focuses on bringing together young researchers in this field in order to establish a Pan-European network for Ionospheric Perturbation Detection and Monitoring (IPDM) in the upcoming years. To highlight essential results of these researchers, a prototype solution is being prepared to be accessible via internet (http://swaciweb.dlr.de ).