Fundamentals for material and nanomaterial synthesis

Abstract In this chapter, we will learn about the fundamental synthesis of materials and nanomaterials. Materials like metal, metal semiconductors, ceramics, and polymers are synthesized via different methods such as solid-state synthesis, chemical vapor transport, sol-gel synthesis, and melt growth. In contrast, thin-film materials were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition, laser ablation, sputtering, and molecular beam epitaxy technique. The nanomaterials are classified as metal-containing, dendrimers, carbon-containing, and mixture of materials, which are synthesized by physical, chemical, and biological techniques. The synthetic physical procedures are ball milling process, electron beam lithography, inert gas condensation synthesis method, physical vapor deposition methods, and laser hydrolysis methods. The synthetic chemical procedures are hydrothermal process, sol-gel process, polyol process, microemulsion, microwave-assisted synthesis, and bio-assisted methods.