In ancient times, Withania coagulans Dunal was used as a therapeutic plant for the treatment of several diseases. This report aims to examine the effect of Agrobacterium tumefactions-mediated transformation of W. coagulans with the rolA gene to enhance secondary metabolite production, antioxidant activity, and anticancer activity of transformed tissues. Before transgenic plant production, the authors designed an efficient methodology for in vitro transformation. In this study, leaf explants were cultured on Murashage and Skoog (MS) media containing different amounts of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and benzyl adenine (BA). The best performance for inducing embryogenic callus was in MS medium containing 4 μM NAA and 6.0 μM BA, while the best results for shooting (100%) were obtained at 8 μM benzyl adenine. On the other hand, direct shooting was attained by subculturing leaves on MS medium supplemented with 8 μM benzyl adenine. Prolonged shoots showed excellent in vitro rooting results (80%) with 12 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The samples were precultivated for 3 days and were followed by 48 h infection with A. tumefaciens strain GV3101 having pCV002. Then, a vector expressed the rol A gene of strain Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Furthermore, three independent transgenic shoot lines and one callus line (T2) were produced and exhibited stable integration of transgene rol A genes, as revealed by PCR analysis. Transgenic strains showed a significant increase in antioxidant potential as compared to untransformed plants. Additionally, LC-MS analysis showed that the transformed strains have a higher withanolide content as compared to untransformed ones. Moreover, the reduced proliferation of prostate cancer cells was observed after treatment with extracts of transgenic plants. Furthermore, these transformed plants exhibited superior antioxidant capability and higher withanolide content than untransformed ones. In conclusion, the reported data can be used to select withanolide-rich germplasm from transformed cell cultures.
Venom is a natural source of therapeutically active compounds, exhibiting pharmacological action.Nerve growth factors represent a group of proteins responsible for the upkeep and separation of thoughtful and tangible neurons of the fringe sensory system of vertebrates.Many arthropods have been the moderate source of nerve growth factors with contradictory outcomes.Many studies report many diverse nerve growth factors, which are therapeutically and biologically active but differ widely in their isoelectric properties, immunological cross-reactivity with antibodies to mouse b-NGF, endogenous levels of ester peptidase activity as well as molecular weight.
In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-degrading bacteria were screened from oil sludge using PVA as a sole source of carbon in the culture medium. A novel strain, SA21, was obtained and identified as a member of the Stenotrophomonas genus based on the analysis of a partial 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence, morphological and biochemical characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis. This Stenotrophomonas isolate had not previously been reported as a PVA-degrading bacterium. Stenotrophomonas sp. strain SA21 degraded 90% of the PVA present in the culture medium after 4 days. The effect of nitrogen sources on the production of PVA-degrading enzyme involved in the biodegradation process was significant, and the enzymatic activity reached 82 U/ml when ammonium nitrate or urea was used in the optimized medium. The information obtained in this study will provide a foundation for improving industrial wastewater treatment.DCW: dry cell weight; FTIR: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy; NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PVA: polyvinyl alcohol; SEM: scanning electron microscope.
In the recent decade, environmental pollution of petroleum and petrochemical products has attracted much attention. In the modern world, contamination of natural environment with oil products causes soil pollution. Therefore, petroleum hydrocarbons have been shown harmful effects on the environment and particularly to human beings. Earlier, many traditional techniques were used to treat such hydrocarbons on large scale. However, bioremediation technique is considered environment friendly due to relatively low cost and utilizing a natural microbial to reduce the concentrations and toxicity of various chemicals, aromatic, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. In this context, certain bacterial strains have been demonstrated to be able to breakdown chemical compounds present in petroleum products. The goal of this review paper is to discuss the most possible ways for biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons and highlight the environmental conditions which affecting the rate of biodegradation. In conclusion, by optimizing the environmental conditions such as oxygen, temperature, pH, moisture etc and other nutrients will maximize the hydrocarbon quickly in the natural environment.
Owing to the incidence of diabetes, glucose sensing in diabetes diagnosis and therapy is of great significance. In addition, in the drug and food sectors, glucose sensing is also important. Via different techniques, such as electrochemical or optical approaches, glucose sensing has been achieved. Sensors play an important role in the identification of chemical and biological samples and have attracted a great deal of interest in recent decades. Signals are produced by the binding of the analytical sensor. Varieties of chemical sensor, including cationic and anionic sensors, are used. In chemical sensing, molecular recognition and molecular transduction exist. There are three pieces of a chemo sensor, the binding site receptor, the device whose properties change with the binding and the spacer. The advanced glucose sensors development with high sensitivity and suitability has been facilitated by novel transducers made with nanomaterials that combine fluorescent methods. Glucose detection by a chemo sensor is discussed in this chapter. In addition, techniques for combining biological sensing and fluorescent nanomaterials components are explored, and the applicability of the chemosensor is also illustrated, making it suitable for glucose sensing. It is concluded that the extensive use of chemosensors in the health care sector makes them convenient instruments for real-time identification and long-term tracking of the environmental, biological and physical state of the human body.
Ironically, air pollution is one of the most serious environmental issues of Pakistan. In this study, different cities including Lahore, Islamabad, Karachi, Peshawar, and Quetta were selected to analyze the relationship of different gases in air such as carbon monoxide CO, nitrogen dioxide NO2, sulphur dioxide SO2, methane CH4, ozone O3, and particulate matter PM. The automatic ambient air data of the above mentioned cites were obtained from air quality monitoring stations installed in Pakistan Environmental Protection agency (Pak-EPA) and as well as provincial EPAs. Therefore, the results of air gases were quite alarming such as Lahore was found to be SO2 (200 µg/m3) and PM 2.5 (85 µg/m3) compared with the standard ambient air geese values. Subsequently, in Peshawar city CH4 gas was analysed (7510.29 µg/m3) was ten times higher than Pakistan National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS) values. This conclusive evidence of air pollution in Pakistan cities will lead many diseases, such as cardiovascular, cancer, and many respiratory diseases. In conclusion, if no suitable and efficient ways are adopted at government level the situation will very worst in the nearly future.
Currently, the development of human societies is greatly affected because of global environmental problems. Pakistan is also on the list of the most affected countries facing a number of environmental issues that affect not only people health but also the economy. The present work examines with focus on secondary data and information gathered from various literature on water and air pollution. Both water and air pollution are very complex issues and their connection to measuring the exact level of pollution is an extremely difficult one. Therefore, in this review, the main sources influencing pollution risks in Pakistan are human urbanization, surface water pollution, industrial sewage pollution, air pollution, and soil pollution. This study will help to develop suitable strategies and rules for Pakistan environmental protection in the near future. Finally, the aim of this article is to raise awareness of environmental pollution, including water pollution, air pollution, and their effect on human health, animals, and agricultural activities.
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