The authors describe water heater load control experiments on the Athens Utilities Board distribution system in Athens, Tennessee. Data from experimental days are compared to data from days of normal operation to assess the effects of the control experiments. Plots are presented to describe water heater operation. Water heater models are used to estimate water usage. Results indicate that water heater control reduces energy demands but may have adverse effects on daily load patterns. Analysis also shows that the operation of load control receivers deteriorates as the duration of the control period is increased. Methods used to improve data integrity are presented. The results are based on a filtered data set. The problems of identifying the associated time skew in the data and the timing-out of load control receivers are addressed.< >
Combination therapy with insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) is important for treating type 2 diabetes (T2D). This trial assesses the efficacy and safety of semaglutide, a GLP-1RA, as an add-on to basal insulin. To demonstrate the superiority of semaglutide vs placebo on glycemic control as an add-on to basal insulin in patients with T2D. Phase 3a, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 30-week trial. This study included 90 sites in five countries. We studied 397 patients with uncontrolled T2D receiving stable therapy with basal insulin with or without metformin. Subcutaneous semaglutide 0.5 or 1.0 mg once weekly or volume-matched placebo. Primary endpoint was change in glycated Hb (HbA1c) from baseline to week 30. Confirmatory secondary endpoint was change in body weight from baseline to week 30. At week 30, mean HbA1c reductions [mean baseline value, 8.4% (67.9 mmol/mol)] with semaglutide 0.5 and 1.0 mg were 1.4% (15.8 mmol/mol) and 1.8% (20.2 mmol/mol) vs 0.1% (1.0 mmol/mol) with placebo [estimated treatment difference (ETD) vs placebo, –1.35 (14.8 mmol/mol); 95% CI, –1.61 to –1.10 and ETD, –1.75% (19.2 mmol/mol); 95% CI, –2.01 to –1.50; both P < 0.0001]. Severe or blood glucose–confirmed hypoglycemic episodes were reported in 11 patients (17 events) and 14 patients (25 events) with semaglutide 0.5 and 1.0 mg, respectively, vs seven patients (13 events) with placebo (estimated rate ratio vs placebo, 2.08; 95% CI, 0.67 to 6.51 and estimated rate ratio vs placebo, 2.41; 95% CI, 0.84 to 6.96 for 0.5 and 1.0 mg; both P = nonsignificant). Mean body weight decreased with semaglutide 0.5 and 1.0 mg vs placebo from baseline to end of treatment: 3.7, 6.4, and 1.4 kg (ETD, –2.31; 95% CI, –3.33 to –1.29 and ETD, –5.06; 95% CI, –6.08 to –4.04 kg; both P < 0.0001). Premature treatment discontinuation due to adverse events was higher for semaglutide 0.5 and 1.0 mg vs placebo (4.5%, 6.1%, and 0.8%), mainly due to gastrointestinal disorders. Semaglutide, added to basal insulin, significantly reduced HbA1c and body weight in patients with uncontrolled T2D vs placebo.
Despite the success of the O-RAN Alliance in developing a set of interoperable interfaces, development of unique Radio Access Network (RAN) deployments remains challenging. This is especially true for military communications, where deployments are highly specialized with limited volume. The construction and maintenance of the RAN, which is a real time embedded system, is an ill-defined NP problem requiring teams of specialized system engineers, with specialized knowledge of the hardware platform. In this paper, we introduce a RAN Domain Specific Language (RDSL(TM)) to formally describe use cases, constraints, and multi-vendor hardware/software abstraction to allow automation of RAN construction. In this DSL, system requirements are declarative, and performance constraints are guaranteed by construction using an automated system solver. Using our RAN system solver platform, Gabriel(TM) we show how a system engineer can confidently modify RAN functionality without knowledge of the underlying hardware. We show benefits for specific system requirements when compared to the manually optimized, default configuration of the Intel FlexRAN(TM), and conclude that DSL/automation driven construction of the RAN can lead to significant power and latency benefits when the deployment constraints are tuned for a specific case. We give examples of how constraints and requirements can be formatted in a "Kubernetes style" YAML format which allows the use of other tools, such as Ansible, to integrate the generation of these requirements into higher level automation flows such as Service Management and Orchestration (SMO).
provides worksheets, a computer program, and instructions for calculating the required measurements. The life-cycle costing method and evaluation procedures set forth in the Federal Energy Management Program Rules and described in greater detail in this guide are to be followed by all Federal agencies for all energy conservation and renewable energy projects undertaken in new and existing buildings and facilities owned or leased by the Federal government, unless specifically exempted. The establishment of the methods and procedures and their use by Federal agencies to evaluate energy conservation and solar energy investments are required by Section 381(a) (2) of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 6361 (a) (2); Section 10 of Presidential Executive Order 11912, amended; and by Title V of the National Energy Conservation Policy Act, 92 Stat. 3275.
Manipulation of an implanted pacemaker by the patient is a rare cause of malfunction, especially in children. We describe a child who inadvertently rotated his pacemaker under the skin, knotting the leads and dislodging them from the heart, leading to syncope and heart block. Our experience with this case underscores the need to consider this diagnosis in children as well as in adults if this problem is to be averted.
Although rail generally is considered a more environmentally-friendly form of travel than private automobile or aircraft, the carbon footprint of a train can vary greatly depending on the source of the energy used. This article describes how the UK railroad industry can improve its energy efficiency, and how it can better measure and communicate this efficiency. In the UK, railroads favor the least transparent energy procurement model, which is indirect procurement of energy with low levels of information available on the source of the energy and how energy is consumed by rolling stock. A more efficient model would be direct procurement with high levels of information. This model, which is used in Germany and some other countries, offers the advantage of complete transparency of energy costs and the ability to identify system losses.
We have designed and fabricated an x-ray linear scanner based on monolithic CdZnTe arrays. The arrays are 1.0 inch long with 16 detectors each. To increase the x-ray stopping power of the arrays, they are operated with the x-ray photons incident normal to the E-field direction. A photon-counting pulse mode read-out is utilized to produce high dynamic range images at low incident flux rates. Our read-out electronics are composed of independent 16-channel modules including charge pre-amplification, pulse shaping discriminated scaler, and buffered I/O. The linear packing density for the electronics is 16 channels per inch, commensurate with the array pitch. Results from measurements of spatial response generated by scanning a fine beam of gamma rays across the arrays, and x-ray images produced in a linear-scan mode are presented.
