Mushrooms undergo significant changes in quality after harvest due mainly to changes in color. This study was performed to determine the effects of CaCl2 and hot water on the changes in color, phenolics and polyphenoloxidase activities of mushrooms during storage. Mushrooms were treated with various concentrations of CaCl2 and hot water at various degrees for different time periods and stored for 12 days at 10oC. Significant changes were observed in color components during storage. Color change was associated with the increases in total soluble phenolics, esspecially increases in chlorogenic acid and polyphenol oxidase activity, suggesting that both phenolics and polyphenol oxidase contribute significantly to the browning in mushrooms. Hot water and CaCl2 treatments significantly reduced color change possibly through reductions in total soluble phenolics and the activity of polyphenol oxidase. The results suggest that CaCl2 and hot water treatments could be used to reduce color change after harvest and extend the shelf life of mushrooms.
Özet: Bu araştırmada kurşun [Pb(NO3)2], çinko [Zn(NO3)2.4H2O]ve kadmiyum [Cd(NO3)2.4H2O]ortamlarındaki Sorghum bicolor L. tohumlarının çimlenmesi üzerindeki ağır metal etkilerinde gibberellik asit (GA3/G), kinetin (K) ve bu iki bitki büyüme regülatörünün (BBR) kombinasyonlarının (K+G) rolü incelenmiştir.Kurşun (Pb), çinko (Zn) ve kadmiyum (Cd) konsantrasyon artışına paralel olarak tohumların çimlenmesini engellemiştir.Çimlenme üzerinde en zararlı etkiyi Cd yapmış bunu sırası ile Pb ve Zn izlemiştir.BBR uygulamaları Pb ile Cd'nin çimlenmeyi engelleyici etkisini çoğunlukla hafifletemezken (yalnızca 3 mM Pb düzeyindeki G uygulaması ve 0.4, 0.5 ve 0.7 mM Cd düzeylerindeki G uygulaması başarılıdır) Zn'nun yol açtığı bu olumsuzlukları değişik derecede ve önemli ölçüde hafifletmişlerdir.Her üç ağır metal de çimlenme aşamasında radikula uzaması başta olmak üzere koleoptil uzamasını belirgin şekilde inhibe etmiştir.Bu ağır metallere karşı radikula uzaması koleoptil uzamasından daha duyarlı bulunmuştur.BBR uygulamaları bu ağır metallerin radikula uzaması üzerindeki baskısını hafifletmede başarılı olamamışlardır.Pb, Zn ve Cd'nin koleoptil uzaması üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini hafifletmede K+G başta olmak üzere uygulanan tüm bitki büyüme regülatörleri (BBR
This study was conducted to fortify nutritional and chemical composition of sunflower meal (SFM) and full-fat soybean (FFSB) used as a protein source in farm animal nutrition by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 fermentation. An optimized set of fermentation parameters (60% moisture, 6.5-7.0 pH, 30-35 °C temperature, continuous aeration of 0.5-1.0 L/min and agitation of 20-100 rpm) were used to ferment SFM and FFSB samples with or without using bacterial inoculant for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. The results indicated that the total organic acids (TOA) contents and crude ash (CA) of SFM and FFSB increased significantly, but there were significant reductions in dietary fiber (DF) components (acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)) in both feed samples. Moreover, urease activity, trypsin inhibitors (TI), and phytic acid (PA) contents of both feed samples reduced by 50%, 35%, and 79%, respectively. Total flavonoid level reduced by 30% in FFSB samples, but remained unchanged in SFM samples. The levels of tannin in FFSB and SFM decreased significantly. Although there were no significant changes in the activities of amylase, celulase, and beta-glucanase; the protease and phytase activities increased significantly. The total phenolic compounds content and the antioxidant activities of FFSB and SFM samples increased significantly. In conclusion, the fermented FFSB (F-FFSB) and fermented SFM (FSFM) had lowered the levels of ADF, NDF, tannin, TI, urease activity, and PA but they were remarkably enriched with organic acids, enzymes, and antioxidants. These feed materials could be used as functional feed additives or feed materials in farm animal nutrition.
Safflower is an important oleiferous crop species in the world. Aging tests are used to simulate cell damage occurring during the long term storage of seeds. In the present study, accelerated aging (AA) test was employed to investigate response of antioxidant enzymes in safflower. Four genotypes of safflower, previously classified as aging resistant (Bayer-6 and Bayer-12) and sensitive (Olas and Linas) based on AA test, were used as seed materials and AA treatments at 43 °C consisted of 5 different times (0, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h). Variance analysis were used and means were separated according to significance levels, and correlations were calculated between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. The H2O2 content, CAT, SOD and peroxidase (POD) activities were measured in control and AA treated seeds. Genotype, time and genotype x time interactions were all significant. While H2O2 content and SOD activity increased with AA time, CAT activity decreased in all genotypes throughout the experiment. POD did not show regular increase or decrease, its activity was specific to genotypes and time. Correlations between CAT activity and H2O2 content were significant negative for all genotypes, but between SOD activity and H2O2 content was positively correlated in AA treated seeds.
Safflower is an important oleiferous crop species in the world. Aging tests are used to simulate cell damage occurring during the long term storage of seeds. In the present study, accelerated aging (AA) test was employed to investigate response of antioxidant enzymes in safflower. Four genotypes of safflower, previously classified as aging resistant (Bayer-6 and Bayer-12) and sensitive (Olas and Linas) based on AA test, were used as seed materials and AA treatments at 43 °C consisted of 5 different times (0, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h). Variance analysis were used and means were separated according to significance levels, and correlations were calculated between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. The H2O2 content, CAT, SOD and peroxidase (POD) activities were measured in control and AA treated seeds. Genotype, time and genotype x time interactions were all significant. While H2O2 content and SOD activity increased with AA time, CAT activity decreased in all genotypes throughout the experiment. POD did not show regular increase or decrease, its activity was specific to genotypes and time. Correlations between CAT activity and H2O2 content were significant negative for all genotypes, but between SOD activity and H2O2 content was positively correlated in AA treated seeds.
Bu calismada molekuler markorlerden SSR teknigi kullanilarak avokado genotipleri arasindaki farkliliklarin ortaya konulmasi amaclanmistir. Avokadonun Lauraceae familyasina ait Persea cinsi icerisinde yer aldigi bilinmektedir. Calisma kapsaminda Akdeniz Bolgesinde yetistirilen Antalya ilinin dahil oldugu Bati Akdeniz Tarimsal Arastirma Enstitusu’nden 5 ve Japonya’dan getirtilen 7 cesit avokado molekuler analizler icin kullanilmistir. Bu amacla SSR markorleri ile yapilan analizler sonucunda avokado cesitleri arasinda iki ana grup ortaya cikmis ve % 60 oraninda benzerlik gosterdikleri belirlenmistir. Calismada kullanilan cesitlerden JP4 ile JP6 ve JP5 ile JP7 arasinda yakin korelasyon oldugu gozlemlenmistir. Zutano ve Hass cesitlerini birbirlerinden ayirt edecek polimorfizmler uretilememis ve bu iki cesit bir arada gruplanmistir. JP1, JP2, JP3 ve Bacon cesitleri tek basina bir alt grup olusturmustur. Toplam allel sayisinin 152, spesifik allel sayisinin 53 adet oldugu ve bant buyuklugunun ise 179 ile 283 bc arasinda degistigi belirlenmistir. Polimorfik bilgi icerigi (PBI) 0,03 ile 0,85 arasinda degisim gostermistir. Calisma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, yapilacak islah calismalarinda ebeveyn seciminde bir basamak olusturabilecegi gibi, avokado genotiplerinin yayilma alanlarinin belirlenmesinde, genetik koleksiyonlarin karsilastirilmasinda ve avokado genotiplerinin karakterizasyonunda kullanilabilir.
Abstract: Seed vigor tests are used to estimate their quality. One of the most commonly used is the accelerated aging test (AA). The aim of the present study was to study the biochemical changes caused in the seeds and to determine their germination status after the AA. Six safflower genotypes were tested at 43 °C and 45 °C for 0, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h, and germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT) and normal seedling percentage (NSP) were evaluated to determine the aging reactions of the genotypes. During the AA at 45 °C, the seeds quickly lost their germination ability after 48 h; after 120 h, the seeds lost their viability, remaining, however, still viable at 43 °C. Two genotypes that aged more (Linas and Olas) and less (Bayer-6 and Bayer-12) were chosen to examine the biochemical changes during the AA at 43 °C. Eleven biochemical analysis were performed to understand physiological changes associated with the test. Total caratone, xanthophyll, phenolics, flavonoid, soluble protein, soluble sugars, oil and malondialdehyde contents were lower after 120 h, compared to 0 h. Reducing sugars and free fatty acids contents increased in the least and most aging genotypes. However, the total tocopherol content increased in the least aging genotypes and decreased in the most aging genotypes after 120 h, compared to 0 h. The results showed that the AA at 43 °C was suitable to study the aging process in the safflower seeds. Besides, understanding the chemical changes was useful to elucidate the physiological basis of seed aging.
Amaç: Biber (Capsicum annuum) genotiplerinin SSR markörleri ile genetik karakterizasyonuyapılmıştır. Materyal ve Metot:Çalışmada kullanılan biber çeşitleri Akdeniz Bölgesinde yer alan Antalya ilindeki çeşitli fide şirketlerinden temin edilmiştir. Toplamda 10 çeşit biber fidesi ve 10 SSR primeri ile PCR çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Bulgular: SSR markörleri ile yapılan UPGMA analizleri sonucunda biber çeşitleri 2 ana gruba ayrılmıştır. Birinci ana grup iki alt gruba ayrılmıştır. İlk alt grupta Vezir, Üçburun, Acıburun, Yükselince, Anadol, Serenad, Hayfa Şili yer almaktadır. İkinci alt grupta ise Jalomex yer almaktadır. İkinci ana grupta Ergenekon ve Kanyon genotipleri yer almaktadır. Vezir- Üçburun ve Yükselince- Anadol çeşitleri benzer gruplar olup incelenen SSR bölgeleri bakımından benzer özellik göstererek birlikte gruplanmıştır. Ergenekon- Kanyon, Serenad- Hayfa Şili kendi aralarında benzerlik gösteren diğer gruptur. En uzak benzerlik Jalomex ve Ergenekon arasında olup, ikinci uzak benzerlik Jalomex- Kanyon arasındadır. Toplam allel sayısının 162, spesifik allel sayısının 60 olduğu ve bant büyüklüğünün ise 164 ile 294 bç arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Polimorfik bilgi içeriği (PBİ) 0,04 ile 0,89 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Sonuç:Türkiye’deki biber türlerine ait SSR bulgularımız, bölgede bundan sonraki ıslah çalışmalarında ebeveyn seçiminde bir basamak oluştururken, biber genotiplerinin yayılma alanlarının belirlenmesinde, genetik koleksiyonların karşılaştırılmasında, biber genotiplerinin karakterizasyonunda kullanılabilir.