Lithium secondary batteries have attracted considerable attention due to their great potential to achieve ultrahigh energy density for future use. However, the Li metal anode suffers dendrite formation during repeated stripping/plating, hindering its practical realization. Herein, for the first time, an artificial solid electrolyte interphase layer, lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON), is introduced for the lithium anode, and the viable application in high-energy lithium secondary pouch cell is probed. LiPON is stable with lithium and in the air, which can protect the lithium from the side reaction with H2O and O2 effectively. In low-energy batteries, the LiPON layer can enhance the efficiency of lithium deposition/dissolution and prolong the lifespan of the batteries. Further on, the discharge capacities of the lithium secondary cells with an energy density over 350 Wh kg–1 deploying LiPON-coated Li anodes drop fast, and the batteries are prone to severe polarization leading to the termination of life. Nonuniform current density resulting from the cracks caused by the large mass of lithium stripping/plating is ascribed to being the decisive factor shortening the life of batteries. Generally speaking, more and further exploration should be focused on the modification of the large-area lithium anode to accomplish high-energy-density lithium batteries for practical applications.
In this pilot-scale test, the ozonation-biological treatment-catalytic ozonation system was performed to treat complex organics and highly-concentrated total nitrogen (TN) in biological pretreated incineration leachate. The test results showed that the ratio of five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) / chemical oxygen demand (COD) increased from 0.059 to 0.237, which indicated that the concentration of biodegradable COD (CODbio) increased by ozonation pre-treatment process. In addition, the TN removal mainly occurred in anaerobic zone due to direct denitrification by the activated bacteria, which were domesticated through different influent ratio. Moreover, it was necessary to add catalytic ozonation process to reach higher direct effluent discharge criteria. After 60 days repeated debugging, the removal rate of COD and TN reached 88.5% and 98.2%, respectively. Finally, the total cost of this system was ￥ 6.65 /m<sup>3</sup> ($ 0.95 /m<sup>3</sup>), which was acceptable for the treatment of biological pretreated leachate. This pilot-scale test could provide some guiding information for the treatment of leachate containing highly-concentrated TN with low CODbio/N by the composite system.
Herein, a robust and easy-recovery catalyst, Fe 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 -SiC, was prepared for the catalytic ozonation of hardly biodegradable COD (hard COD) in bio-treated coking wastewater. Al 2 O 3 was loaded on NaOH etched SiC, and Fe(NO 3 ) 2 further reacted with the Al 2 O 3 -SiC to generate Fe 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 -SiC. Al/Fe-O-Si bond formed on SiC through the substitution of surficial Si-OH groups with Al 3+ /Fe 3+ . These Lewis acid sites improved the adsorption of ozone and facilitated the formation of •OH and other reactive species in the catalytic ozonation process. For coking wastewater treatment, the removal ratio of hard COD and the generation efficiency of hydroxyl radical (R ct ) in catalytic ozonation process was 71% and 253% higher than those in the ozonation group, respectively. Ozone utilization increased from 0.44 g COD removed/g O 3 in ozonation group to 1.42 g COD removed/g O 3 in the Fe 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 -SiC catalytic ozonation group. Besides the abatement of hard COD, over 78% of UV 254 , 87% of color, 99% of cyanide, and 55% of acute toxicity of coking wastewater was eliminated during Fe 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 -SiC catalytic ozonation, which meeting the discharge standard of coking wastewater in China. In a full-scale application, the use of Fe 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 -SiC for catalytic ozonation decreased the consumption of O 3 to 60 mg L -1 and decreased the operation cost by 50%.
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