Aims: This study was designed to verify the proportion of Japanese adults with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) who met the diagnostic criteria (other than E) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Furthermore, we examined to what extent adults with PDD think that they exhibit ADHD symptoms. Methods: We developed an original Japanese self-report questionnaire to determine the presence or absence of 18 symptoms from the diagnostic criteria for ADHD in the DSM-IV-TR. We administered the questionnaire to 64 adults with high-functioning PDD (45 men and 19 women) and 21 adults with ADHD (10 men and 11 women), aged 18 to 59 years, with a full-scale intelligence quotient ≥75. Target patients were evaluated for ADHD by their psychiatrists. Results: Twenty-nine (45.3%) adults with PDD also had ADHD. The percentage of these adults who had over six perceived inattention symptoms from the DSM-IV-TR was 96.6%. The percentage of these adults who had over six perceived hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms was 65.5%. Thirty-five (55.6%) adults with PDD responded that they were aware of having ADHD symptoms at the level of the relevant diagnostic criteria. Conclusions: The present study is the first to examine the frequency of objective and perceived ADHD symptoms in adults with PDD in Japan. Our results show that both objective and perceived ADHD symptoms frequently appear in a large number of adults with PDD. This suggests that it is necessary to attend to concomitant ADHD symptoms in the medical care of adults with PDD.
A sensitive method for detecting bromate in bread by ion chromatography with inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IC/ICP-MS) was developed. Bromate was extracted from bread with water. The clean-up procedure included a 0.2 micron filter, a C18 cartridge for defatting, a silver cartridge to remove halogen anions, a centrifugal ultrafiltration unit to remove proteins, and a cation-exchange cartridge to remove silver ions. A 500 microL sample solution was applied to IC/ICP-MS. The detection limit and the quantitation limit of bromate in the solution were 0.3 ng/mL and 1.0 ng/mL, expressed as HBrO3, respectively, which corresponded to 2 ng/g and 5 ng/g, respectively, in bread. Recovery of bromate was about 90%, and the CV was about 2%. Based on the detection limit in solution and recovery from bread, the detection limit of bromate in bread was estimated to be 2 ng/g.
The mean concentration and daily intake of antifungal agents were estimated based on the results of the analysis of 6, 369 samples of food obtained at official inspections by Japanese local governments in fiscal year 1996. The mean concentration of diphenyl was 0.007% of the allowable limits, and those of imazalil, o-phenylphenol, and thiabendazole were 8.0%, 3.0% and 3.2%, respectively. Daily intakes of these four antifungal agents per person estimated from the concentrations and daily consumption of the analyzed foods were 0.0395, 11.1, 8.97 and 26.2μg, respectively, and assuming a body weight of 50kg, these amounts of these antifungal agents were 0.0016%, 0.89%, 0.090%, and 0.52%, respectively, of the acceptable daily intakes. These values were similar to those based on the results of the official inspection in fiscal year 1994, except that the amount of diphenyl was much smaller (1/50).
Constituents of the plant roots of Rubia tinctorum and R. akane were compared by HPLC-photodiode array analyses with those of the corresponding cell suspension cultures. Although, anthraquinones could be identified in the extracts of the plant roots and those of the cell suspension cultures of both plants, not only the proportion of constituents was different between the plant roots and the corresponding cell suspension cultures but also the constituents themselves were different. Mollugin (1) which is a non-anthraquinonyl compound was found only in the extracts of the plant roots. In contrast, amounts of the oxidized anthraquinones i. e. munjistin (16) and pseudopurpurin (18) were greater in the cell suspension cultures.
