The synthesis and liquid crystalline behaviour of several sixteen-branched dendrimers based on poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) and poly(propyleneimine) (DAB) are reported. Mono-, di- and trialkoxybenzoyloxysalicylaldehydes are used as mesogenic promotor moieties and are attached at the peripheral amino groups of the pre-existing dendrimers. All the compounds exhibit liquid crystalline properties which were studied by optical microscopy, DSC and X-ray diffraction. The relationship between the structure of the mesogenic units and the mesomorphic behaviour is discussed and models for the different supramolecular organizations are proposed.
Making a stack: Helical columnar architectures are prepared by a hierarchical self-assembly process involving H-bonding, π–π, and ion–dipole interactions (see picture). The strategic combination of these supramolecular interactions within mesomorphic systems yields materials in which photoinduced chirality and the incorporation of ions can be used to design multifunctional liquid crystals.
Two novel families of dendrimers have been synthesized by hydrogen bonding between a triazine moiety (M), as an electron-transporting central core, and three peripheral dendrons of generations 1 and 2 derived from bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (bis-MPA). The dendrons contain both carbazole-based groups as hole-transporting moieties and promesogenic units derived from 5-[4-(4-butoxybenzoyloxy)phenyloxy]pentanoic acid (family A) or cholesteryl hemisuccinate (family B) (in a 1 : 3 ratio). The formation of the complexes was confirmed by IR and NMR data. All synthesized complexes displayed mesogenic properties and their liquid crystalline properties have been investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Complexes derived from CzAn dendrons (family A) exhibit nematic mesomorphism whereas complexes derived from CzBn dendrons (family B) exhibit a smectic A phase. The electrochemical behavior of the dendritic complexes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the dendrimers show irreversible or quasi-reversible electrochemical behavior in the range 0.0–2.0 V at a scan rate of 100 mV s−1. The UV-vis absorption and emission properties of the compounds and the photoconductive properties of the dendrons and dendrimers have also been investigated.
Abstract In order to investigate the relation between molecular structure and liquid crystal properties, structural studies are carried out on three series of compounds: 6-alkoxynicotinic acids, 5-alkoxypicolinic acids, and 4-alkoxybenzoic acids, using IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy and MNDO semi-empirical calculations. Spectroscopic results prove that, whereas inter-molecular O‒H bonds favor mesomorphism, inter- and intra-molecular N‒H bonds obstruct it. MNDO results show that the type of mesophase is determined by the direction of the molecular dipole moment.
Abstract A divergent approach was used for the synthesis of dendritic structures based on a cyclotriphosphazene core with 12 or 24 hydroxyl groups, by starting from [N 3 P 3 (OC 6 H 4 OH‐4) 6 ] and using an acetal‐protected 2,2‐di(hydroxymethyl)propionic anhydride as the acylating agent. Hydroxyl groups in these first‐ and second‐generation dendrimers, G1‐(OH) 12 or G2‐(OH) 24 , were then condensed in turn with mono‐ or polycatenar pro‐mesogenic acids to study their ability to promote self‐assembly into liquid crystalline structures. Reactions were monitored by using 31 P{ 1 H} and 1 H NMR spectroscopy and the chemical structure of the resulting materials was confirmed by using different spectroscopic techniques and mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS). The results were in accordance with monodisperse, fully functionalised cyclotriphosphazene dendrimers. Thermal and liquid crystalline properties were studied by using optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction. The dendrimer with 12 4‐pentylbiphenyl mesogenic units gives rise to columnar rectangular organisation, whereas the one with 24 pentylbiphenyl units does not exhibit mesomorphic behaviour. In the case of materials that contain polycatenar pro‐mesogenic units with two aromatic rings ( A4 vs. A5 ), the incorporation of a short flexible spacer connected to the periphery of the dendron (acid A5 ) was needed to achieve mesomorphic organisation. In this case, both dendrimer generations G1 A5 and G2 A5 exhibit a hexagonal columnar mesophase.
The mesomorphic behavior of several new end-functionalized liquid-crystal-containing dendrimers is reported. These liquid-crystalline dendrimers are obtained by attaching promesogenic units to the termini of the preexisting first five generations of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) and poly(propyleneimine) (DAB) polymers by a condensation reaction; the promesogenic units are derived from salilcylaldimine bearing one, two, or three terminal aliphatic chains. All of the compounds were found to exhibit liquid-crystalline properties, as deduced by polarized-light optical microscopy (POM) observations, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The nature of the liquid-crystalline behavior of the dendrimers is directly correlated with the number of terminal chains grafted on the peripheral anisotropic groups. Indeed, the presence of one chain per mesogenic unit favors their parallel arrangement; hence, smectic mesomorphism (SmA and SmC) is induced. Increasing the number ...
Small molecules of the indene and pseudoazulene type like 1 and 2 form columnar mesophases! These compounds do not possess peripheral flexible chains like conventional columnar liquid crystals. Instead, polarizable chlorine and sulfur atoms, as well as the polar cyano group, function as unusual soft regions between the rigid columns.
Abstract Mesomorphic arylsulfonamide derivatives containing four long alkyl chains and polar groups (fluoro, cyano or amino) have been synthesized and characterized by polarized optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction on the mesophase. Studies of the supramolecular organization of these molecules have allowed a better understanding of the noncovalent driving forces (dipole ··· dipole and hydrogen‐bonding interactions) responsible for the self‐assembly, which is mainly due to the presence of the polar groups.
Functional organogels based on carbazole-containing liquid crystal block codendrimers that show an increased fluorescence emission and redox properties.