クロム片のリン化反応を反応温度800～1000℃,リン蒸気圧10～760Torrのもとで行なった。生成層をX線回折およびX線マイクロアナライザによって調べた結果,(P4およびP2蒸気)/CrP/Cr2P/(Cr)なる層構造をとることが明らかとなった。反応はいずれも放物線速度則にしたがったので,律速段階は拡散過程であるものとみなされる。マーカ実験法で拡散種を調べたところ,クロムであることが判明した。リン蒸気圧1atmにおける放物線速度定数Kpは絶対温度Tの関数として次式で表わされた。Kp=0. 14 exp(-35 x 103/RT),g2・cm-4・min-1,(800～1000℃)しかしながら,Kpの圧力依存性は明確には認められなかった。リン化物層中のクロムの濃度曲線からクロムの律速格子拡散の場所はCrP-Cr2P間であり,また拡散係数はその場所(あるいは濃度)で異なるということが明らかとなった。
<i>Background:</i> Systemic corticosteroids are one of the most commonly used therapeutic modalities for patients with extensive alopecia areata (AA), although they entail several drawbacks. <i>Objective:</i> To determine the best modality for systemic corticosteroid use in terms of their efficacy, relapse rate, and side effects. <i>Methods:</i> Fifty-one patients with single or multiple AA (AA/multiplex) and 38 patients with alopecia totalis or AA universalis (AA totalis/universalis) were enrolled in this open study. They were randomly divided into three groups depending on the time of their initial visit. They were administered (1) oral dexamethasone (Dex) 0.5 mg/day for 6 months (Dex group), (2) intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide (imTA) 40 mg once a month for 6 months followed by 40 mg once every 1.5 months for 1 year (imTA group), and (3) pulse therapy (PT) using oral predonine 80 mg for 3 consecutive days once every 3 months (PT group). After the treatment, each treatment modality was evaluated by the response rate, relapse rate, and side effect profile. <i>Results:</i> The response rate of AA/multiplex was significantly better in the imTA group than in the Dex group. The overall relapse rate and that of AA totalis/universalis were significantly better in the PT group than in the Dex group. Dysmenorrhea was the most common and problematic side effect. Impairment of the adrenocortical reserve was seen in 7% of the PT group and 23% of the imTA group, which was recov ered without any further medical treatment. <i>Conclusion:</i> imTA or pulse therapy is effective for AA and has an acceptable level of side effects. The development of a new strategy to reduce the relapse rate is needed.
A study has been carried out on the kinetics of phosphidation of nickel sheets exposed to phosphorus vapor of 1 Torr to 2 atm at temperatures from 400° to 600°C by means of a sealed‐tube method. The phosphidations were revealed to follow parabolic behavior. The values of the rate constant at 2 atm have fallen into the category of order of , whose Arrhenius plot yielded the activation energies of for 400°–500° and 500°–600°C, respectively. The pressure dependence of resulted experimentally in the expression , which could be interpreted in terms of the mass action law. X‐ray powder diffraction patterns indicated the phosphides to be composed mainly of , and an electron microprobe analysis showed that the phosphide layer in contact with nickel phase is . Metallographic observations showed the phosphidation to progress generally with formation of phosphide mounds, and sometimes with growth of whiskers and platelets.
3D scanning using laser scanners has been recognized as one of the most efficient and accurate way to record and reconstruct digitally large-scale cultural heritages. The authors report on 3D scanning survey of Roman monuments and remains in Tyre, Lebanon, which was conducted in September 2002, and on succeeded digital reconstruction and visualization of those monuments. During limited period of time for the survey, many Roman monuments and remains were scanned including the memorial gate on the paved road aligned by columns, a sarcophagus, and a stepped stand of the Hippodrome in Albaas area, as well as the whole excavation field in Ramali area and the interior space of underground tomb within the field, resulted in many sets of point cloud data. For 3D scanning, the authors combined two different types of laser scanners, one with coarser resolution with faster scanning speed and coverage, and the other with finer resolution with slower scanning speed. The former was mainly used to determine the location of individual remains or structures, while the latter was used to record the details of the monuments. By combining both scanners, larger areas were covered efficiently, while recording the details of important monuments. Then the data were automatically aligned and merged with a software, and the resulted polygon data were mapped with textures using digital photos obtained at the time of laser scanning. Finally, CG animation of those remains has been produced for providing photo-realistic spatial image of the remains to those who have never visited the place.
A study was undertaken concerning the kinetics and mechanism of the phosphidization of manganese at 400°–600°C in phosphorus vapor at 1 atm. Phosphide growth rates were parabolic with a rate constant , (1 atm, 673–873 K). A marker experiment indicated that manganese was the component that diffused. X‐ray diffraction patterns and an electron probe microanalysis of the products showed that at 400°C only was formed, but at 450°–600°C double layers composed of outer and inner were formed.
ABSTRACT In an experiment based on the competition model, 12 native Japanese speakers (J1 group) and 12 native English speakers studying Japanese (JFL group) were requested to report sentence subjects after listening to Japanese word strings which consisted of one verb and two nouns each. Similarly, 12 native English speakers (E1 group) and 12 native Japanese speakers studying English (EFL group) reported the sentence subjects of English word strings. In each word string, syntactic (word order) cues and lexical-semantic (animacy/inanimacy) cues converged or diverged as to the assignment of the sentence subjects. The results show that JFL-Ss (experimental subjects) closely approximated the response patterns of J1-Ss, while EFL-Ss showed evidence of transfer from their first language, Japanese. The results are consistent with the developmental precedence of a meaning-based comprehension strategy over a grammar-based one.
