Conditional automated driving [level 3, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)] requires drivers to take over the vehicle when an automated system’s failure occurs or is about to leave its operational design domain. Two-stage warning systems, which warn drivers in two steps, can be a promising method to guide drivers in preparing for the takeover. However, the proper time intervals of two-stage warning systems that allow drivers with different personalities to prepare for the takeover remain unclear. This study explored the optimal time intervals of two-stage warning systems with insights into the drivers’ neuroticism personality. A total of 32 drivers were distributed into two groups according to their self-ratings in neuroticism (high vs. low). Each driver experienced takeover under the two-stage warning systems with four time intervals (i.e., 3, 5, 7, and 9 s). The takeover performance (i.e., hands-on-steering-wheel time, takeover time, and maximum resulting acceleration) and subjective opinions (i.e., appropriateness and usefulness) for time intervals and situation awareness (SA) were recorded. The results showed that drivers in the 5-s time interval had the best takeover preparation (fast hands-on steering wheel responses and sufficient SA). Furthermore, both the 5- and 7-s time intervals resulted in more rapid takeover reactions and were rated more appropriate and useful than the 3- and 9-s time intervals. In terms of personality, drivers with high neuroticism tended to take over immediately after receiving takeover messages, at the cost of SA deficiency. In contrast, drivers with low neuroticism responded safely by judging whether they gained enough SA. We concluded that the 5-s time interval was optimal for drivers in two-stage takeover warning systems. When considering personality, drivers with low neuroticism had no strict requirements for time intervals. However, the extended time intervals were favorable for drivers with high neuroticism in developing SA. The present findings have reference implications for designers and engineers to set the time intervals of two-stage warning systems according to the neuroticism personality of drivers.
Abstract Human records can assist us in understanding real descriptions and expected ideals of music. The present work examined how have music emotions been described in millions of Google books. In general, positive adjectives were more regularly used to describe music than negative adjectives, demonstrating a positivity bias in music. The emotional depiction of music has shifted over time, including a decrease in the frequency of emotional adjectives used in English books over the past two centuries, and a sudden surge in the usage of positive adjectives in simplified Chinese books during China’s Cultural Revolution. Negative adjectives were substantially less employed to describe music in simplified Chinese books than in English books, reflecting cultural differences. Finally, a comparison of different corpora showed that emotion-related adjectives were more frequently used to describe music in fictional literature.
How do leaders' responses to the digital era affect new generation employees' affective commitment? As digital leaders have led to new ways of distributing digital resources and building virtual relationships, employees are facing a shift in the way of interaction, which influences their affective response to organizations. This study aims to understand how digital leaders interact with new generation employees to influence changes in employees' affective commitment to organizations. We have developed a chain mediating model and tested it on data collected from 408 new generation employees working in China. Ultimately, we found that digital leadership is associated with more positive changes in new generation employees' affective commitment. Furthermore, both employee empowerment and employee voice behavior mediate the relationship between digital leadership and affective commitment, forming a chain mediation mechanism in this relationship. We conclude with a discussion of theoretical implications and practical applications.
The self-heating lunch box (SHLB) is a kind of popular instant food in China, yet little is known about the associated chemical release risk during its heating process. In this study, we investigated organophosphate esters (OPEs) in original unheated food (UF), SHLB-heated processed food (HF) and potential OPE release from SHLB packaging materials. Significantly higher concentrations of OPEs were observed in HF (267 ± 246 ng/g dry weight (dw)) than in UF (163 ± 211 ng/g dw) (p < 0.001), suggesting an introduction of additional OPEs during heating processes. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, triethyl phosphate, and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate exhibited the highest absolute increased amounts, with 137, 48.8, and 149% growth in HF than in UF, respectively. Migration testing revealed that packaging materials were rich in OPEs and can release considerable OPEs into food simulates (range, 14.7–90.8 ng/g; mean, 47.9 ± 21.8). Influencing factors (temperature, contact time, oily food) on OPE migration from packaging materials to food were assessed. Higher temperature and longer contact time increased OPE contents in food simulates. Moreover, the presence of abundant OPEs in UF and significant correlations among different OPEs (p < 0.05) suggested contamination happened during food processing and storage. With one SHLB meal a day, a 12-fold increase of OPE intake was observed for humans compared to those following a traditional dietary habit. In the high-exposure (95th percentile) scenario, hazard quotients of nine OPEs ranged from 0.00005 to 0.05. Our results suggested that the SHLB exposure pathway of OPEs should be particularly paid attention to in specific subpopulations that prefer this dietary habit.
Purpose: Based on Pinyin text input,the study discusses that there is difference or not between letters' relative distances with regard to text input performance for the two successive letters when subjects operate standard mobile keypads.Method: In the experiment,we studied the text input performance from the subject's reaction time and correct rate by complete in-subject design using Sony Ericsson W800C mobile.Results: There is significant difference in reaction time and correct rate when two letters are located the same key,two adjacent keys and non-adjacent keys.Conclusions:(1) The relative instance of keys which the letters are located has an important effect on input performance for two successive entering letters.(2) There is difference between males and females in react time and correct rate and the difference is significant.
AbstrcatYoung college teachers are the hopes of higher education of China in the 21st century.Their ideological and political qualities will directly affect the talents′ training in college. So it is important to strengthen this work.
The paper analyses the main problems existing in present primary and middle schools such as juvenile delinquency, physical punishment, etc., which are in connection directly or indirectly with being short of teacher's care, therefore, it calls for more love, less burden given to students.
The urban-rural cultural differences were widespread in China for a long time.Because children of migrant workers had very different family background and early education,that existed the heterogeneity and non-continuity between family culture of children of migrant workers and urban school culture,when children of migrant worker entered the city to receive education,they would inevitably face the conflict and pressure from cultural adaptation process.In the process,if the school takes improper measures,it will increase the difficulties of the students’psychological adjustment.At the same time,it will cause students suffered from psychological barriers in learning and life.To this end,we proposed that related schools must open school-based curriculum,and we would unfold education of urban-rural cultural integration in school-based curriculum.It will effectively solve the problems of children of migrant worker’s acculturation.
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