The influence of mathematics upon culturology has long been existent, which in most cases falls into the category of culturometrics that testifies quantitatively culturological viewpoints or theories at early stages. Since 1980 s, some European and American scholars with the background of biology have introduced evolutionary biology mathematicized, i.e. evolutionary dynamics, into the culturological domain, and many important culturological viewpoints or theories are described, interpreted and argued with logically clear mathematical language. Such an ontological application of mathematical instrument in culturological studies falls into the category of mathematical culturology which beats a new path for culturological topics in the broader sense.
FU Xuan's thought was based on Confucianism and he absorbed the thoughts of different philosophers,especially the Legalist Thought.So it belongs to the Confucian School of Xunzi.Its mainstream and nature was expressed in Fuzi.However;the practices of traditional document classification and the methods of thought research can co-exist.Fuzi should be classified as the Eclectics works.
Abstract Background: The BAHD acyltransferase superfamily exhibits various biological roles in plants, including regulating fruit quality, catalytic synthesizing of terpene, phenolics and esters, and improving stress resistance. However, the copy numbers, expression characteristics and associations with fruit aroma formation of the BAHD genes remain unclear. Results: In total, 717 BAHD genes were obtained from the genomes of seven Rosaceae, ( Pyrus bretschneideri , Malus domestica , Prunus avium , Prunus persica , Fragaria vesca , Pyrus communis and Rubus occidentalis ). Based on the classifications in model plants, we divided the BAHD family genes into seven groups, I-a, I-b, II-a, II-b, III-a, IV and V. An intra-species synteny analysis detected 78 syntenic gene pairs among the seven Rosaceae species. Dispersed gene duplication occurred frequently in all the investigated species. Different modes of duplicated gene pairs identified in each investigated species revealed that the Ka/Ks ratios were less than one, indicating that they evolved through purifying selection. Based on the correlation analysis between the ester content and expression levels of BAHD genes at different developmental stages, we selected five genes for verification as assessed by qRT-PCR. Pbr020016.1 , Pbr019034.1 , Pbr014028.1 and Pbr029551.1 are important candidate genes involved in aroma formation during pear fruit development. Conclusion: We have thoroughly annotated the BAHD superfamily genes and performed a comprehensive comparative analysis of their colinearity, phylogenetic relationships and gene duplication patterns in seven Rosaceae species, and we also obtained four candidate genes involved in aroma synthesis in pear fruit. These results provide a theoretical basis for future studies of the specific biological functions of BAHD superfamily members and the improvement of pear fruit quality. Keywords : BAHD, pear, evolution, Rosaceae, transcriptome, volatile esters
Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are a group of small, cryptic proteins that can reversibly bind and transport hydrophobic molecules. Studies have shown that nsLTPs can play important roles in various plant physiological processes, such as the transport of cuticular lipids, cutin synthesis, pathogen defence and abiotic stress responses. To date, a comprehensive analysis of the nsLTP gene family is still lacking in pear and other sequenced Rosaceae species. Here, 338 nsLTP genes were identified in eight Rosaceae fruit species, including 58 nsLTPs in Chinese white pear. The nsLTP family genes could be divided into four groups based on a detailed phylogenetic analysis and classification criteria in model plants. Multiple characteristics of 58 nsLTP genes in Chinese white pear were analysed, including their phylogeny, conserved motifs, chromosome locations, and cis-elements in the promoter sequences. Based on both RNA-Seq and qRT–PCR analyses, it was predicted that Pbr041771.1 might participate in cuticular wax translocation. The subcellular localisation results showed that Pbr041771.1 was localised in the plasma membrane. All results provide valuable information enhancing our understanding of the evolution and functional roles of nsLTP family genes.
Leaves, which are the most important organs of plants, can not only fix carbon sources through photosynthesis, but also absorb nutrients through transpiration. Leaf development directly determines the growth, flowering and fruiting of plants. There are many factors that affect leaf development, such as the growth environment, gene expression, and hormone synthesis. In this study, tomatoes were used to study the role of the transcription factor Solanum lycopersicum salt-related MYB1-like (SlSRM1-like) in the development of tomato leaves.Loss-of-function of the SlSRM1-like gene mediated by clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) resulted in abnormal tomato leaf morphology, including thinner leaves, wrinkled edges, raised veins, disordered edge veins, and left and right asymmetry. An analysis of the transcription levels of genes related to leaf development revealed that the expression of these genes was significantly altered in the SlSRM1-like mutants (SlSRM1-like-Ms). Moreover, the SlSRM1-like gene was expressed at higher transcription levels in young tissues than in old tissues, and its expression was also induced in response to auxin. In addition, the transcription levels of genes related to the auxin pathway, which regulates tomato growth and development, were severely affected in the SlSRM1-like-Ms. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the SlSRM1-like gene functions in the regulation of tomato leaf development through the auxin-related pathway.In this study, we successfully knocked out the SlSRM1-like gene in the tomato variety Ailsa Craig using CRISPR technology and found that knockout of the SlSRM1-like gene resulted in abnormal development of tomato leaves. Further research indicated that SlSRM1-like regulated tomato leaf development through auxin-related pathways. The results provide an important reference for the functional study of other SRM1-like genes in plants and provide new insights into the regulation of leaf development in tomato and other plants.
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) causes major disability as a consequence of recurrent demyelinating events and neuronal loss. Biomarkers identifying different phenotypes of recurrence or tissue damage might be useful to guide individualized therapy. Herein, we evaluated serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) as a potential biomarker in both adult and pediatric MOGAD patients. Forty-nine patients with MOGAD (37 adults, 12 children) and 71 healthy controls (HCs) (56 adults, 15 children) were enrolled prospectively from September 2019 to April 2021 at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. sNfL levels were determined using ultrasensitive single-molecule array assay and correlated with clinical parameters. The sNfL levels in MOGAD adults in a relapsed state (median: 31.0 pg/ml) were higher than those in a remission state (8.1 pg/ml, p = 0.001) and in HC adults (10.3 pg/ml, p = 0.004). Similar results were observed in children (relapse: 46.8 pg/ml vs. remission: 13.1 pg/ml, p = 0.001; and vs. HCs: 8.2 pg/ml, p = 0.007) sNfL levels were correlated with recent relapses within 60 days (multivariate: β = 2.02, p = 0.003), seizures (multivariate: β = 2.50, p = 0.021) and brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a recent relapse (multivariate: β = 1.72, p = 0.012). Our study showed that sNfL levels are beneficial for identifying recent relapses and seizures and suggest that adult and pediatric MOGAD patients had similar sNfL levels.
Agarwood is a kind of important and precious traditional Chinese medicine. With the decreasing of natural agarwood, artificial cultivation has become more and more important in recent years. Quantifying the formation of agarwood is an essential work which could provide information for guiding cultivation and controlling quality. But people only can judge the amount of agarwood qualitatively by experience before. Fluorescence multispectral imaging method is presented to measure the agarwood quantitatively in this paper. A spectral cube from 450 nm to 800 nm was captured under the 365 nm excitation sources. The nonagarwood, agarwood, and rotten wood in the same sample were distinguished based on analyzing the spectral cube. Then the area ratio of agarwood to the whole sample was worked out, which is the quantitative information of agarwood area percentage. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the formation of agarwood was quantified accurately and nondestructively.
We determined the complete chloroplast genome sequence of Cunninghamia lanceolata (GenBank accession: NC_021437.1) in this study. The total length of the chloroplast genome is 135 334 bp. The GC content is 35%. A total of 119 genes are successfully annotated, including 35 tRNA (20 tRNA species), 3 rRNA (3 rRNA species) and 81 protein-coding genes (81 PCG species). Twelve protein-coding genes (rps16, ycf3, rpoC1, atpF, rps12, ndhB, rpl2, rpl16, petD, petB, ndhA, rps15) contain one or two introns. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed that this newly characterized Cunninghamia lanceolata chloroplast genome will provide essential data for further study on phylogenetic resolution, biodiversity for the genus Cunninghamia and Taxodiacea.
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